Wheat is a relevant source not only of essential macronutrients but also of many other health-promoting phytochemicals (carotenoids, anthocyanins, tocols, phenolic acids, etc.). Colored-grain wheats were used for extrusion and kernel puffing. The total content of carotenoids (sum of lutein, zeaxanthin, antheraxanthin, α- and β-carotene, and xanthophyll esters) decreased significantly due to extrusion (to 25.7%) and puffing (to 31.6%), compared to the content in the raw material. Zeaxanthin was shown to be the most stable among all detected carotenoids (30.8 and 48.7% was preserved). The results of the performed analyses have not confirmed greater stability of xanthophyll esters against higher temperatures (decrease to 29.5 and 22.1%). Both technologies induced E-to Z-isomerization of all-E-lutein and puffing also of all-E-zeaxanthin. Higher concentrations of 13-Z- and 9-Z-zeaxanthin were identified in puffed grains (2× and 37× on average). To preserve more carotenoids, it is appropriate to look for a more suitable food processing technology.

• Klíčová slova
• Antheraxanthin (PubChem CID: 5281223), Carotenoid esters, Cereal-based food, Human nutrition, Lutein, Lutein (PubChem CID: 5281243), Xanthophylls, Zeaxanthin (PubChem CID: 5280899), α-Carotene (PubChem CID: 4369188), β-Carotene (PubChem CID: 5280489),
• MeSH
• anthokyaniny analýza   MeSH
• jedlá semena chemie   MeSH
• karotenoidy analýza   MeSH
• manipulace s potravinami * MeSH
• pšenice chemie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• anthokyaniny MeSH
• karotenoidy MeSH

This work reports the development of suspension culture system of transgenic Marsh grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf., Rutaceae) callus overexpressing bacterial phytoene synthase; and the use of this suspension culture to investigate the effects of β-cyclocitral on carotenoid content and composition. At a β-cyclocitral concentration of 0.5 mM and after ten days cultivation, analysis of the carotenoids showed a significant increase in the content of β-, α-carotene, and phytoene predominantly. The maximal increase in total provitamin A carotenoids content following β-cyclocitral application was ~2-fold higher than the control, reaching 245.8 μg/g DW. The trend for increased transcript levels of biosynthetic genes PSY and ZDS correlated with the enhancement of the content of these carotenes following β-cyclocitral treatment and GC-MS based metabolite profiling showed significant changes of metabolite levels across intermediary metabolism. These findings suggest that β-cyclocitral can act as a chemical elicitor, to enhance the formation of carotenes in citrus suspension-cultured cells (SCC), which could be utilized in studying the regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis and biotechnological application to the renewable production of nutritional carotenoids.

• Klíčová slova
• Carotenoid, Chemical elicitor, Citrus, Citrus paradis, Provitamin A, Rutaceae, Suspension-cultured cells, β-yclocitral,
• MeSH
• aldehydy MeSH
• Citrus * MeSH
• diterpeny MeSH
• grapefruit * genetika   MeSH
• karotenoidy MeSH
• kultivované buňky MeSH
• mokřady MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• aldehydy MeSH
• beta-cyclocitral MeSH Prohlížeč
• diterpeny MeSH
• karotenoidy MeSH

1. The study was conducted to investigate the effects of different dietary levels of an unsaturated or saturated fat source and the effects of different dietary energy levels in laying hen diets on the carotenoid content of the egg yolk. 2. Seventy-two ISA Brown laying hens aged 22 weeks old were allocated, for a 10 week period, to three treatments: control diet (HE group) with a 3.4% supplemented fat containing 2.1% soybean and 1.3% palm oil as fat sources and a ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acid (u/s) of 3.33; a lowered energy diet with 2.4% supplemented fat containing 1.4% soybean and 1.0% palm oil and u/s of 3.41 (LE+high u/s); a lowered energy diet with 2.4% supplemented fat containing 0.5% soybean and 1.9% palm oil and a u/s of 2.39 (LE+low u/s). A marigold plant extract supplement was used as a source of lutein. 3. Performance parameters (feed consumption, feed conversion, body weight), egg production rate and egg quality parameters were similar between treatments. Dietary fat digestibility at the middle of the study period was not different. Egg yolk total fat content was similar in all treatments at the middle and at the end of the study period. 4. Lutein, zeaxanthin, cis-lutein and total carotenoids content were significantly lower in eggs produced from the LE+low u/s group compared to those from the HE and the LE+high u/s groups (P < 0.01 for all parameters). 5. It was concluded that feeding laying hens with a diet containing 1% less supplemented fat and a lower u/s ratio compared to a control diet and to a diet with 1% less supplemented fat with a higher u/s ratio resulted in a significant reduction of carotenoid expression in the egg yolk at the end of experimental period. Performance and egg quality parameters were not affected by treatments.

• Klíčová slova
• Carotenoids, laying hens, lutein, saturated fat, unsaturated fat,
• MeSH
• dieta veterinární   MeSH
• dietní tuky aplikace a dávkování   klasifikace   metabolismus   MeSH
• karotenoidy metabolismus   MeSH
• krmivo pro zvířata analýza   MeSH
• kur domácí fyziologie   MeSH
• lutein metabolismus   MeSH
• náhodné rozdělení MeSH
• potravní doplňky analýza   MeSH
• vaječný žloutek chemie   účinky léků   MeSH
• vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
• zeaxanthiny metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• dietní tuky MeSH
• karotenoidy MeSH
• lutein MeSH
• zeaxanthiny MeSH

This research aimed to investigate the effect of thermal processing on carotenoid profile, quantity and stability in 22 colour-fleshed potato cultivars grown in the Czech Republic. The total of nine carotenoids was analysed by HPLC using a C30 column and PDA detection. The total carotenoid content for all cultivars ranged from 1.44 to 40.13 μg/g DM. Yellow cultivars showed a much higher average total carotenoid content (26.22 μg/g DM) when compared to red/purple-fleshed potatoes (5.69 μg/g DM). Yellow cultivars were dominated by antheraxanthin, whereas neoxanthin was the main carotenoid in red/purple cultivars. Thermal processing significantly impacted all potato cultivars. Boiling decreased the total carotenoids by 92% compared to baking (88%). Lutein was the most stable carotenoid against thermal processing (decreased by 24-43%) followed by β-carotene (decreased by 78-83%); other carotenoids were degraded nearly completely. Increased formation of (Z)-isomers by thermal processing has not been confirmed.

• Klíčová slova
• Antheraxanthin (PubChem CID: 5281223), Baking, Boiling, Carotenoids, Lutein (PubChem CID: 5281243), Neoxanthin (PubChem CID: 5281247), Potato cultivars, Stability, Thermal processing, Violaxanthin (PubChem CID: 448438), Zeaxanthin (PubChem CID: 5280899), β-Carotene (PubChem CID: 5280489), β-Cryptoxanthin (PubChem CID: 5281235),
• MeSH
• barva MeSH
• beta-karoten analýza   MeSH
• karotenoidy analýza   MeSH
• lutein analýza   MeSH
• manipulace s potravinami MeSH
• Solanum tuberosum chemie   MeSH
• vysoká teplota MeSH
• vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• beta-karoten MeSH
• karotenoidy MeSH
• lutein MeSH

Colored-grain wheat genotypes were used in the preparation of flour, dough, buns, and buns stored for a short period of time. The main carotenoid in all genotypes was lutein, followed by its esters, zeaxanthin, and β-carotene, while antheraxanthin and α-carotene occurred only at negligible levels. The highest carotenoid contents were observed in yellow- and purple-grained genotypes. After the preparation of dough, total carotenoid content (TCC) decreased significantly by an average of 61.5%. Zeaxanthin was shown to be stable, whereas α-carotene was destroyed. In baked buns, the average decrease of TCC and all-E-lutein was lower than in unbaked dough. Greater decreases were recorded for esters, antheraxanthin, and β-carotene. After storing buns for 24 h at room temperature, approximately one-quarter of TCC observed in the original flour was preserved. Z-Isomers of lutein occurred in minor concentrations, but the degradation of this component, and that of zeaxanthin, was low, suggesting E- to Z-isomerization.

• Klíčová slova
• Antheraxanthin (PubChem CID: 5281223), Baked buns, Colored-grain wheat genotypes, Dough, Esterified carotenoids, Flour, Lutein (PubChem CID: 5281243), Non-esterified carotenoids, Short-term stored buns, Zeaxanthin (PubChem CID: 5280899), α-Carotene (PubChem CID: 4369188), β-Carotene (PubChem CID: 5280489),
• MeSH
• barva MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• karotenoidy chemie   MeSH
• lutein analýza   MeSH
• mouka analýza   MeSH
• pšenice chemie   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• spektrofotometrie ultrafialová MeSH
• vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie MeSH
• zeaxanthiny analýza   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• karotenoidy MeSH
• lutein MeSH
• zeaxanthiny MeSH

The content of chlorophylls (Chl) (a+b), total carotenoids (x+c), and the pigment ratios of Chl a/b and Chls to carotenoids (a+b)/(x+c) of green leaves of five C4 plants were determined and compared to those of C3 plants. The C4 plants were: Pacific and Chinese silvergrass (Miscanthus floridulus and Miscanthus sinensis), sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum) as well as feed and sugar maize (Zea mays). The three C3 plants were beech, ginkgo, and oak. C4 plants possess higher values for the ratio Chl a/b (3.4-4.5) as compared to the C3 plants (2.6-3.3). Sugar maize had the highest values for Chl a/b (4.04-4.70) and exceptionally high contents of total carotenoids and consequently lower values for the ratio of (a+b)/(x+c) (mean: 3.75 ± 0.6). During autumnal senescence also C4 plants showed a faster decline of Chl b as compared to Chl a yielding high values for Chl a/b of 6 to 8. Chlorophylls declined faster than carotenoids yielding low (a+b)/(x+c) values below 1.0.

• Klíčová slova
• C3 plants, C4 plants, autumnal leaf senescence, chlorophyll contents, photosynthetic pigments, shade leaves, sun leaves, total carotenoid content,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Due to their bioavailability, glycosylated carotenoids may have interesting biological effects. Sioxanthin, as a representative of this type of carotenoid, has been identified in marine actinomycetes of the genus Salinispora. This study evaluates, for the first time, the effect of cultivation temperature (T) and light intensity (LI) on the total cellular carotenoid content (TC), antioxidant activity (AA) and sioxanthin content (SX) of a crude extract (CE) from Salinispora tropica biomass in its vegetative state. Treatment-related differences in TC and SX values were statistically significantly and positively affected by T and LI, while AA was most significantly affected by T. In the S. tropica CE, TC correlated well (R2 = 0.823) with SX and somewhat less with AA (R2 = 0.777). A correlation between AA and SX was found to be less significant (R2 = 0.731). The most significant protective effect against oxidative stress was identified in the CE extracted from S. tropica biomass grown at the highest T and LI (CE-C), as was demonstrated using LNCaP and KYSE-30 human cell lines. The CE showed no cytotoxicity against LNCaP and KYSE-30 cell lines.

• Klíčová slova
• Salinispora tropica, antioxidant activity, sioxanthin, total cellular carotenoids,
• MeSH
• antioxidancia chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• bifenylové sloučeniny MeSH
• biomasa MeSH
• buněčné linie účinky léků   MeSH
• karotenoidy metabolismus   farmakologie   MeSH
• komplexní směsi MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Micromonosporaceae * MeSH
• mycelium MeSH
• oxidační stres účinky léků   MeSH
• pikráty MeSH
• světlo MeSH
• teplota MeSH
• vodní organismy MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl MeSH Prohlížeč
• antioxidancia MeSH
• bifenylové sloučeniny MeSH
• karotenoidy MeSH
• komplexní směsi MeSH
• pikráty MeSH
• sioxanthin MeSH Prohlížeč

A 50-year-old solitary, sun-exposed ginkgo tree had strongly been pruned in the fall of 2021. Very few buds for the formation of new leaves, twigs, and branches were left over. In spring 2022, these few remaining buds responded with the formation of a different leaf type. These leaves were 2.7 times larger and also thicker than in the years before. In addition, the mean content of total chlorophylls [Chl (a+b)] per leaf area unit of dark-green leaves was 1.45, those of green leaves two times higher as compared to the years before pruning and the two other ginkgo trees which had been investigated in parallel. A comparable increase was also found for the level of total carotenoids (x+c). The mean content for Chl (a+b) were 1,118 mg m-2 for dark-green and 898 mg m-2 for green leaves as compared to 435 to 770 mg m-2 in leaves of other trees. The higher values for Chl (a+b) and total carotenoid content showed up also on a fresh and dry mass basis. Thus, with the formation of a new, larger leaf type by changes in morphology (leaf size and thickness) and the increase of photosynthetic pigments, the pruned ginkgo tree was able to compensate for the much lower number of leaves and photosynthetic units.

• Klíčová slova
• chlorophyll a/b ratio, chlorophyll levels, leaf size, leaf thickness, ratio of chlorophylls to carotenoids, total carotenoid content,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

This is a protocol for quantitative determination of storage and total carbohydrates in algae and cyanobacteria. The protocol is simple, fast and sensitive and it requires only few standard chemicals. Great advantage of this protocol is that both storage and total saccharides can be determined in the cellular pellets that were already used for chlorophyll and carotenoids quantification. Since it is recommended to perform the pigments measurement in triplicates, each pigment analysis can generate samples for both total saccharide and glycogen/starch content quantification. The protocol was applied for quantification of both storage and total carbohydrates in cyanobacteria Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, Cyanothece sp. ATCC 51142 and Cyanobacterium sp. IPPAS B-1200. It was also applied for estimation of storage polysaccharides in Galdieria (IPPAS P-500, IPPAS P-507, IPPAS P-508, IPPAS P-513), Cyanidium caldarium IPPAS P-510, in green algae Chlorella sp. IPPAS C-1 and C-1210, Parachlorella kessleri IPPAS C-9, Nannochloris sp. C-1509, Coelastrella sp. IPPAS H-626, Haematococcus sp. IPPAS H-629 and H-239, and in Eustigmatos sp. IPPAS H-242 and IPPAS C-70.

• Klíčová slova
• Carbohydrates, Chlorella, Colorimetry, Haematococcus, Polysaccharides, Spectrophotometry, Sugars, Synechocystis,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

This research aims to evaluate whether the electroporation of Rhodotorula glutinis fresh biomass improved the subsequent extraction of carotenoids from dry biomass using supercritical CO2 and traditional solvent extraction. Supercritical CO2 extraction yields were low after all treatments assayed. Similarly, solvent extraction of carotenoids from untreated or PEF treated cells that were immediately freeze-dried after the pre-treatment was neither effective (extraction yield < 20% total content). Conversely, PEF-treatment and subsequent intermediate incubation in aqueous buffer for 24 h, followed by freeze-drying and extraction, led to a large improvement with the three solvents assayed (acetone, hexane, ethanol). Ethanol was the most efficient, reaching an extraction yield of 80% of total carotenoid, which represents a recovery of 267 µg/gdw. Torularhodin esters constituted the main carotenoid found in the extracts. This is of great interest, as ethanol is eco-friendly solvent and potential applications of torularhodin range from food to medical purposes.

• Klíčová slova
• Carotenoids, Extraction, PEF, Rhodotorula, Supercritical fluids, Torularhodin, Yeast,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH