Raman spectroscopy is a rapid nondestructive technique providing spectroscopic and structural information on both organic and inorganic molecular compounds. Extensive applications for the method in the characterization of pigments have been found. Due to the high sensitivity of Raman spectroscopy for the detection of chlorophylls, carotenoids, scytonemin, and a range of other pigments found in the microbial world, it is an excellent technique to monitor the presence of such pigments, both in pure cultures and in environmental samples. Miniaturized portable handheld instruments are available; these instruments can be used to detect pigments in microbiological samples of different types and origins under field conditions.

Charles University Prague Institute of Geochemistry Mineralogy and Mineral Resources Prague Czech Republic

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Parnell J, McMahona S, Blamey NJF, Hutchinson IB, Harrisa LV, Ingley R, Edwards HGM, Lynch E, Feely M. 25 October 2013. Detection of reduced carbon in a basalt analogue for martian nakhlite: a signpost to habitat on Mars. Int. J. Astrobiol. 10.1017/S1473550413000360 DOI

Colomban P. 2012. The on-site/remote Raman analysis with mobile instruments: a review of drawbacks and success in cultural heritage studies and other associated fields. J. Raman Spectrosc. 43:1529–1535. 10.1002/jrs.4042 DOI

Vandenabeele P, Edwards HGM, Jehlička J. 2014. The role of mobile instrumentation in novel applications of Raman spectroscopy: archaeometry, geosciences, and forensics. Chem. Soc. Rev. 43:2628–2649. 10.1039/c3cs60263j PubMed DOI

Sorak D, Herberholz L, Iwascek S, Altinpinar S, Pfeifer F, Siesler HW. 2012. New developments and applications of handheld Raman, mid-infrared, and near-infrared spectrometers. Appl. Spectrosc. Lett. 47:83–115. 10.1080/05704928.2011.625748 DOI

Marshall CP, Carter EA, Leuko S, Javaux EJ. 2006. Vibrational spectroscopy of extant and fossil microbes: relevance for the astrobiological exploration of Mars. Vibrat. Spectrosc. 41:182–189. 10.1016/j.vibspec.2006.01.008 DOI

Wood BR, Heraud P, Stojkovic S, Morrison D, Beardall J, McNaughton D. 2005. A portable Raman acoustic levitation spectroscopic system for the identification and environmental monitoring of algal cells. Anal. Chem. 77:4955–4961. 10.1021/ac050281z PubMed DOI

Edwards HGM, Currie KJ, Ali HRH, Villar SEJ, David AR, Denton J. 2007. Raman spectroscopy of natron: shedding light on ancient Egyptian mummification. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 388:683–689. 10.1007/s00216-007-1249-4 PubMed DOI

Gall A, Ridge JP, Robert B, Cogdell RJ, Jones MR, Fyfe PK. 1999. Effects of mutagenesis on the detailed structure of spheroidenone in the Rhodobacter sphaeroides reaction centre examined by resonance Raman spectroscopy. Photosynth. Res. 59:223–230. 10.1023/A:1006168118363 DOI

Wang GH, Hao ZJ, Huang ZB, Chen LZ, Li XY, Hu CX, Liu YD. 2010. Raman spectroscopic analysis of a desert cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. in response to UVB radiation. Astrobiology 10:783–788. 10.1089/ast.2009.0407 PubMed DOI

Edwards HGM, Newton EM, Wynn-Williams DD, Lewis-Smith RI. 2003. Nondestructive analysis of pigments and other organic compounds in lichens using Fourier-transform Raman spectroscopy: a study of Antarctic epilithic lichens. Spectrochim. Acta A 59:2301–2309. 10.1016/S1386-1425(03)00073-8 PubMed DOI

Edwards HGM, Russell NC, Wynn-Williams DD. 1997. Fourier transform Raman spectroscopic and scanning electron microscopic study of cryptoendolithic lichens from Antarctica. J. Raman Spectrosc. 28:685–690. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4555(199709)28:9<685::AID-JRS160>3.0.CO;2-X DOI

Carotenoids dispersed in gypsum rock as a result of algae adaptation to the extreme conditions of the Atacama Desert

Microbial colonization of gypsum: from the fossil record to the present day

Unlocking the potential of biofilm-forming plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria for growth and yield enhancement in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Raman spectroscopy online monitoring of biomass production, intracellular metabolites and carbon substrates during submerged fermentation of oleaginous and carotenogenic microorganisms

Gypsum endolithic phototrophs under moderate climate (Southern Sicily): their diversity and pigment composition

Assessment of Biotechnologically Important Filamentous Fungal Biomass by Fourier Transform Raman Spectroscopy

Comparing Biochemical and Raman Microscopy Analyses of Starch, Lipids, Polyphosphate, and Guanine Pools during the Cell Cycle of Desmodesmus quadricauda

Comparison of Miniaturized Raman Spectrometers for Discrimination of Carotenoids of Halophilic Microorganisms

Effects of nicotine on the biosynthesis of carotenoids in halophilic Archaea (class Halobacteria): an HPLC and Raman spectroscopy study