Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, as well as targeted anticancer agents can induce clinically relevant tumor-targeting immune responses, which critically rely on the antigenicity of malignant cells and their capacity to generate adjuvant signals. In particular, immunogenic cell death (ICD) is accompanied by the exposure and release of numerous damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which altogether confer a robust adjuvanticity to dying cancer cells, as they favor the recruitment and activation of antigen-presenting cells. ICD-associated DAMPs include surface-exposed calreticulin (CALR) as well as secreted ATP, annexin A1 (ANXA1), type I interferon, and high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). Additional hallmarks of ICD encompass the phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit-α (EIF2S1, better known as eIF2α), the activation of autophagy, and a global arrest in transcription and translation. Here, we outline methodological approaches for measuring ICD markers in vitro and ex vivo for the discovery of next-generation antineoplastic agents, the development of personalized anticancer regimens, and the identification of optimal therapeutic combinations for the clinical management of cancer.

2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol Department of Immunology Charles University Prague Czech Republic

Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine New York NY USA

Department of Dermatology Yale University School of Medicine New Haven CT USA

Department of Radiation Oncology Weill Cornell Medical College New York NY USA

Department of Women's and Children's Health Karolinska Institute Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden

Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers INSERM U1138 Université de Paris Sorbonne Université Paris France

Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms Institut Gustave Roussy Villejuif France

Pôle de Biologie Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou AP HP Paris France

Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center New York NY USA

Sotio Prague Czech Republic

Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine Chinese Academy of Sciences Suzhou China

Université de Paris Paris France

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