BACKGROUND: Aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic (AAP) bacteria are heterotrophic bacteria that supply their metabolism with light energy harvested by bacteriochlorophyll-a-containing reaction centers. Despite their substantial contribution to bacterial biomass, microbial food webs, and carbon cycle, their phenology in freshwater lakes remains unknown. Hence, we investigated seasonal variations of AAP abundance and community composition biweekly across 3 years in a temperate, meso-oligotrophic freshwater lake. RESULTS: AAP bacteria displayed a clear seasonal trend with a spring maximum following the bloom of phytoplankton and a secondary maximum in autumn. As the AAP bacteria represent a highly diverse assemblage of species, we followed their seasonal succession using the amplicon sequencing of the pufM marker gene. To enhance the accuracy of the taxonomic assignment, we developed new pufM primers that generate longer amplicons and compiled the currently largest database of pufM genes, comprising 3633 reference sequences spanning all phyla known to contain AAP species. With this novel resource, we demonstrated that the majority of the species appeared during specific phases of the seasonal cycle, with less than 2% of AAP species detected during the whole year. AAP community presented an indigenous freshwater nature characterized by high resilience and heterogenic adaptations to varying conditions of the freshwater environment. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight the substantial contribution of AAP bacteria to the carbon flow and ecological dynamics of lakes and unveil a recurrent and dynamic seasonal succession of the AAP community. By integrating this information with the indicator of primary production (Chlorophyll-a) and existing ecological models, we show that AAP bacteria play a pivotal role in the recycling of dissolved organic matter released during spring phytoplankton bloom. We suggest a potential role of AAP bacteria within the context of the PEG model and their consideration in further ecological models.

Associated Tissue Bank Faculty of Medicine Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Košice Košice Slovakia

Centro Oceanográfico de Málaga Instituto Español de Oceanografía IEO CSIC 29640 Fuengirola Málaga Spain

Department of Aquatic Microbial Ecology Institute of Hydrobiology Biology Center CAS České Budějovice Czech Republic

Department of Biology Institute of Microbiology and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland

Department of Ecosystem Biology Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia České Budějovice Czechia

Department of Fisheries Oceanography and Marine Ecology National Marine Fisheries Research Institute Gdynia Poland

Department of Plankton and Microbial Ecology Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Stechlin Germany

Functional Genomics and Evolution Department Institute of Evolutionary Biology CSIC UPF Barcelona Catalonia Spain

Génomique Métabolique Genoscope Institut François Jacob CEA CNRS Univ Evry Université Paris Saclay Evry France

Institute of Biology and Biochemistry Potsdam University Potsdam Germany

Laboratory of Anoxygenic Phototrophs Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Třeboň Czechia

Limnological Station Department of Plant and Microbial Biology University of Zurich Kilchberg Switzerland

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Microbial remineralization processes during postspring-bloom with excess phosphate available in the northern Baltic Sea

Response of aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria to limitation and availability of organic carbon

Ecology of aerobic anoxygenic phototrophs on a fine-scale taxonomic resolution in Adriatic Sea unravelled by unsupervised neural network

Global freshwater distribution of Telonemia protists