This study quantified the temporal variability of concentration of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (c-PAHs), genotoxicity, oxidative DNA damage and dioxin-like activity of the extractable organic matter (EOM) of atmospheric aerosol particles of aerodynamic diameter (dae, μm) coarse (1 < dae < 10), upper- (0.5 < dae < 1) and lower-accumulation (0.17 < dae < 0.5) and ultrafine (<0.17) fractions. The upper accumulation fraction formed most of the aerosol mass for 22 of the 26 study days and contained ∼44% of total c-PAHs, while the ultrafine fraction contained only ∼11%. DNA adduct levels suggested a crucial contribution of c-PAHs bound to the upper accumulation fraction. The dioxin-like activity was also driven primarily by c-PAH concentrations. In contrast, oxidative DNA damage was not related to c-PAHs, as a negative correlation with c-PAHs was observed. These results suggest that genotoxicity and dioxin-like activity are the major toxic effects of organic compounds bound to size segregated aerosol, while oxidative DNA damage is not induced by EOM.
- MeSH
- adukty DNA analýza chemie MeSH
- aerosoly MeSH
- DNA chemie MeSH
- látky znečišťující vzduch analýza toxicita MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí metody MeSH
- oxidace-redukce MeSH
- pevné částice analýza toxicita MeSH
- polycyklické aromatické uhlovodíky analýza toxicita MeSH
- velikost částic MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Some studies suggest that genotoxic effects of combustion-related aerosols are induced by carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (c-PAHs) and their derivatives, which are part of the organic fraction of the particulate matter (PM) in ambient air. The proportion of the organic fraction in PM is known to vary with particle size. The ultrafine fraction is hypothesized to be the most important carrier of c-PAHs, since it possesses the highest specific surface area of PM. To test this hypothesis, the distribution of c-PAHs in organic extracts (EOMs) was compared for four size fractions of ambient-air aerosols: coarse (1
- Klíčová slova
- toxicita motorových emisí, reálný provoz, motorové emise,
- MeSH
- biopaliva využití MeSH
- Evropská unie MeSH
- hodnocení rizik metody MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí * MeSH
- polycyklické aromatické uhlovodíky škodlivé účinky toxicita MeSH
- poškození DNA MeSH
- výfukové emise vozidel * analýza toxicita MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Klíčová slova
- rostlinný olej, PAU, genotoxicita, DNA adukty, naftové emise, bionafta,
- MeSH
- adukty DNA analýza MeSH
- biopaliva analýza MeSH
- interakce genů a prostředí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- oleje rostlin MeSH
- polycyklické aromatické uhlovodíky škodlivé účinky toxicita MeSH
- poškození DNA MeSH
- výfukové emise vozidel * analýza toxicita MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The present study was performed to identify possible genotoxicity induced by organic extracts from particulate matter in the exhaust of two typical diesel engines run on diesel fuel and neat heated fuel-grade rapeseed oil: a Cummins ISBe4 engine tested using the World Harmonized Steady State Test Cycle (WHSC) and modified Engine Steady Cycle (ESC) and a Zetor 1505 engine tested using the Non-Road Steady State Cycle (NRSC). In addition, biodiesel B-100 (neat methylester of rapeseed oil) was tested in the Cummins engine run on the modified ESC. Diluted exhaust was sampled with high-volume samplers on Teflon coated filters. Filters were extracted with dichlormethane (DCM) and DNA adduct levels induced by extractable organic matter (EOM) in an acellular assay of calf thymus DNA coupled with (32)P-postlabeling in the presence and absence of rat liver microsomal S9 fraction were employed. Simultaneously, the chemical analysis of 12 priority PAHs in EOM, including 7 carcinogenic PAHs (c-PAHs) was performed. The results suggest that diesel emissions contain substantially more total PAHs than rapeseed oil emissions (for the ESC) or that these concentrations were comparable (for the WHSC and NRSC), while c-PAHs levels were comparable (for the ESC) or significantly higher (for the WHSC and NRSC) for rapeseed oil emissions. DNA adduct levels induced by diesel and rapeseed oil derived EOM were comparable, but consistently slightly higher for diesel than for rapeseed oil. Highly significant correlations were found between 12 priority PAHs concentrations and DNA adduct levels (0.980; p<0.001) and these correlations were even stronger for c-PAHs (0.990; p<0.001). Metabolic activation by the microsomal S9 fraction resulted in several fold higher genotoxicity, suggesting a major contribution of PAHs to genotoxicity. Directly acting compounds, other than c-PAHs, and not requiring S9 to exhibit DNA reactivity were also significant. Generally, DNA adduct levels were more dependent on the type of engine and the test cycle than on the fuel. Our findings suggest that the genotoxicity of particulate emissions from the combustion of rapeseed oil is significant and is comparable to that from the combustion of diesel fuel. A more detailed study is ongoing to verify and extent these preliminary findings.
- MeSH
- adukty DNA analýza MeSH
- benzin toxicita MeSH
- jaterní mikrozomy účinky léků MeSH
- játra účinky léků MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mutageny analýza MeSH
- neparametrická statistika MeSH
- oleje rostlin chemie toxicita MeSH
- pevné částice chemie toxicita MeSH
- polycyklické aromatické uhlovodíky analýza MeSH
- výfukové emise vozidel analýza toxicita MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
The rapid expansion of nanomaterials production and use in many products creates a need for understanding the mechanisms of nanomaterial with living systems, and the environment, along their life cycle from manufacturing to recycling and to final disposal processes. This task is very difficult since nanomaterials are chemically (carbon, metals, oxides, polymers) and physically (nanoparticles, nanotubes) heterogeneous and their possible adverse effects are affected by many factors. The situation is even more complicated by the presence of combustion related (unintended) nanoparticles in the ambient air carrying toxic metals and organic compounds. Some of them (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives) are known to be carcinogenic to humans. Well conducted interdisciplinary studies are necessary to build a mechanistic knowledge as a basis for the future legislation in the area of nanosafety.
- MeSH
- bezpečnost MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nanostruktury MeSH
- nanotechnologie * MeSH
- vyrobené materiály * škodlivé účinky MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
The genotoxic activities of complex mixtures of organic extracts from the urban air particles collected in various localities of the Czech Republic, which differed in the extent and sources of air pollution, were compared. For this purpose, PM2.5 particles were collected by high volume samplers in the most polluted area of the Czech Republic--Ostrava region (localities Bartovice, Poruba and Karvina) and in the locality exhibiting a low level of air pollution--Trebon--a small town in the non-industrial region of Southern Bohemia. To prepare extractable organic matter (EOM), PM2.5 particles were extracted by dichloromethane and c-PAHs contents in the EOMs were determined. As markers of genotoxic potential, DNA adduct levels and oxidative DNA damage (8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine, 8-oxodG, levels) induced by EOMs in an acellular assay of calf thymus DNA coupled with ³²P-postlabeling (DNA adducts) and ELISA (8-oxodG) in the presence and absence of microsomal S9 fraction were employed. Twofold higher DNA adduct levels (17.20 adducts/10⁸ nucleotides/m³ vs. 8.49 adducts/10⁸ nucleotides/m³) were induced by EOM from Ostrava-Bartovice (immediate proximity of heavy industry) compared with that from Ostrava-Poruba (mostly traffic emissions). Oxidative DNA damage induced by EOM from Ostrava-Bartovice was more than fourfold higher than damage induced by EOM from Trebon (8-oxodG/10⁸ dG/m³: 0.131 vs. 0.030 for Ostrava-Bartovice vs. Trebon, respectively). Since PM2.5 particles collected in various localities differ with respect to their c-PAHs content, and c-PAHs significantly contribute to genotoxicity (DNA adduct levels), we suggest that monitoring of PM2.5 levels is not a sufficient basis to assess genotoxicity of respirable aerosols. It seems likely that the industrial emissions prevailing in Ostrava-Bartovice represent a substantially higher genotoxic risk than mostly traffic-related emissions in Ostrava-Poruba. B[a]P and c-PAH contents in EOMs are the most important factors relating to their genotoxic potential.
- MeSH
- adukty DNA analýza MeSH
- deoxyguanosin analogy a deriváty analýza MeSH
- DNA účinky léků MeSH
- karcinogeny životního prostředí chemie toxicita MeSH
- látky znečišťující vzduch chemie toxicita MeSH
- organické látky chemie toxicita MeSH
- oxidační stres MeSH
- pevné částice chemie toxicita MeSH
- polycyklické aromatické uhlovodíky analýza MeSH
- poškození DNA MeSH
- průmyslový odpad škodlivé účinky analýza MeSH
- skot MeSH
- testy genotoxicity MeSH
- výfukové emise vozidel analýza toxicita MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- skot MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
An acellular assay consisting of calf thymus DNA with/without rat liver microsomal S9 fraction was used to study the genotoxicity of complex mixtures of organic air pollutants bound to size segregated aerosols by means of DNA adduct analysis. We compared the genotoxicity of the organic extracts (EOMs) from three size fractions of aerosol ranging from 0.17μm to 10μm that were collected by high volume cascade impactors in four localities of the Czech Republic differing in the extent of the environmental pollution: (1) small village in proximity of a strip mine, (2) highway, (3) city center of Prague and (4) background station. The total DNA adduct levels induced by 100μg/ml of EOMs were analyzed by (32)P-postlabelling analysis with a nuclease P1 method for adduct enrichment. The main finding of the study was most of the observed genotoxicity was connected with a fine particulate matter fraction (<1μm). The concentrations of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (c-PAHs) in EOMs indicate that fine fractions (0.5-1μm) bound the highest amount of c-PAHs in all aerosol sampling sites, which might be related to the higher specific surface of this fraction as compared with a course fraction (1-10μm) and higher mass as compared with a condensational fraction (0.17-0.5μm). As for aerosol mass, both fine and condensational fractions are effective carriers of c-PAHs. Similarly, the DNA adduct levels per m(3) of air were highest for the fine fraction, while the condensational fraction (strip mine site and city center) revealed the highest DNA adduct levels in cases where aerosol mass is taken into consideration. A strong correlation was found between the c-PAHs and DNA adduct levels induced by EOMs in all the localities and for various size fractions (R(2)=0.98, p<0.001). It may be concluded that the analysis of total DNA adducts induced in an acellular assay with/without metabolic activation represents a relatively simple method to assess the genotoxic potential of various complex mixtures.
- MeSH
- adukty DNA analýza MeSH
- aerosoly MeSH
- DNA účinky léků MeSH
- játra účinky léků MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- látky znečišťující vzduch toxicita MeSH
- neparametrická statistika MeSH
- pevné částice toxicita MeSH
- polycyklické aromatické uhlovodíky chemie toxicita MeSH
- poškození DNA účinky léků MeSH
- skot MeSH
- testy genotoxicity metody MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- skot MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- MeSH
- benzopyren toxicita MeSH
- exprese genu MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- interpretace statistických dat MeSH
- látky znečišťující vzduch toxicita MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mutační analýza DNA MeSH
- polycyklické aromatické uhlovodíky toxicita MeSH
- statistika jako téma MeSH
- testy genotoxicity MeSH
- výzkum MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- interpretace statistických dat MeSH
- látky znečišťující vzduch analýza škodlivé účinky toxicita MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- polycyklické aromatické uhlovodíky analýza toxicita MeSH
- poškození DNA genetika MeSH
- velikost částic MeSH
- znečištění ovzduší analýza škodlivé účinky MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
