Kokcidióza patří mezi nejčastější onemocnění králíků v době odstavu a je jedním z limitujících faktorů odchovu králíků. Mezi patogenní kokcidie řadíme u králíků druhy parazitující ve střevech (E. magna, E. irresidua, E. intestinalis, E. flavescens, E. piriformis, a E. media) a jaterní kokcidie (E. stiedae). Stupeň infekce je závislý na druhu Eimerie, množství pozřených oocyst, věku a imunitním stavu hostitele. Diagnostika je založena na flotačním vyšetření, případně na přesném určení druhu pomocí molekulárněbiologických metod. Terapie spočívá v aplikaci antikokcidik (sulfonamidů, toltrazurilu) ve vodě nebo podaných přímo do dutiny ústní. Prevence onemocnění spočívá v dobrých zoohygienických podmínkách, správně provedeném odstavu, krmné dávce a jejím složení (v obsahu vlákniny, škrobů a bílkovin), snížení stresových faktorů a v případě velkochovů nebo malochovů v podání peletovaného krmiva s obsahem kokcidiostatik.
Coccidiosis is one of the most common diseases of rabbits at the time of weaning and is one of the limiting factors in rabbit breeding. Pathogenic coccidia in rabbits includes species parasitizing in the intestines (E. magna, E. irresidua, E. intestinalis, E. flavescens, E. piriformis, and E. media) and liver (E. stiedae). The severity of infection depends on the species of Eimeria, the number of ingested oocysts, age, and immune status of the host. Diagnostics is based on a flotation examination, or the exact determination of the species using molecular biological methods. Therapy consists of the oral administration of anticoccidials (sulphonamides, toltrazuril) in water or directly into the oral cavity. Disease prevention consists of optimal zoohygiene, properly performed weaning, feed ration and its composition (fiber, starch, and protein content), reduction of stress factors, and, in the case of large-scale or small-scale farms, in the form of pelleted diets containing coccidiostatics.
Kožní problémy spojené s ektoparazitární infestací patří mezi jedny z častých důvodů návštěvy veterinárních ambulancí. Každý veterinární lékař by proto měl být seznámen s klinickými příznaky, základní diagnostikou a možnostmi terapie ektoparazitóz u těchto druhů zvířat. Následující článek předkládá přehled běžně se vyskytujících ektoparazitů (roztoči, vši a všenky, blechy, myiázy) drobných savců a shrnuje možnosti terapie ektoparazitóz včetně kontraindikovaných přípravků.
Skin disease including ectoparasite infestation are one of the most common reason to visit a veterinarian with a small mammal patien. Clinical manifestation, diagnosis and therapy must be basic knowledge of every veterinarian dealing with small mammals patients. This article sumarizes overview of commonly diagnosed ectoparasites in small mammals (mites, lice, fleas, myiasis) and their therapeutic options including most important contraindicated drugs.
- Klíčová slova
- drobní savci,
- MeSH
- antiparazitární látky aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- infestace ektoparazity * diagnóza terapie veterinární MeSH
- parazitární nemoci u zvířat * diagnóza etiologie přenos terapie MeSH
- parazitární onemocnění kůže diagnóza terapie veterinární MeSH
- savci MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
The incidence of fungal infections has increased in recent decades not only in patients with predisposing and risk factors, but it has also spread up due to the widespread use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, immunosuppressants and corticosteroids. A limited number of drugs are currently used to treat oral candidiasis (OC). There is an emerging need to look for new antifungals, to rework or to explore the already known molecules. Ciclopirox olamine (CPX), a broad-spectrum antifungal agent, is currently used for topical dermatologic treatment. In this study, bilayer mucoadhesive buccal films (MBFs) containing poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and Eudragit® NM 30D (EU) with the prolonged release of ciclopirox olamine, were developed for the treatment of oral candidiasis. During ex vivo testing it was found that CPX does not pass through the porcine buccal tissue but it accumulates in it, which may be beneficial for the treatment of candidiasis in the oral cavity. In a pharmacokinetic study, the drug release from mucoadhesive films was prolonged with the maximum plasma concentration at 3.4 (1.4; 5.5) h. All rabbits with stomatitis showed progressive healing after the treatment with CPX bilayer mucoadhesive buccal films without organ pathologies.
- MeSH
- antifungální látky metabolismus MeSH
- aplikace bukální MeSH
- ciklopirox terapeutické užití MeSH
- králíci MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- orální kandidóza * farmakoterapie metabolismus MeSH
- prasata MeSH
- ústní sliznice metabolismus MeSH
- uvolňování léčiv MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- králíci MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
This clinical case describes struvite urolithiasis in a pet chipmunk. Physical examination revealed the presence of two ovoid palpable masses in the caudal part of the abdomen, which were later confirmed by radiography as urinary bladder stone. The animal underwent ventral midline laparotomy and uroliths were successfully removed. Uroliths analysis revealed the presence of struvite and bacteriology showed the presence of Proteus mirabilis. Little is known about aetiology and incidence of urolithiasis in chipmunks. Client education about husbandry, dietary needs, and animal behaviour is necessary, especially when dealing with less commonly kept exotic companion mammals. This is the first report of struvite urolithiasis in a pet chipmunk.
- MeSH
- chování zvířat MeSH
- fosfáty MeSH
- nemoci hlodavců * MeSH
- Proteus mirabilis MeSH
- Sciuridae MeSH
- struvit MeSH
- urolitiáza * veterinární MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Zástava srdeční a dechové funkce je velmi závažným problémem ústícím v úhyn pacienta. Můžeme se s ní setkat v rámci kolapsu pacienta souvisejícím s probíhajícím onemocněním nebo jako s komplikací při sedaci nebo anestezii pacienta. řešení zástavy vyžaduje rychlé zhodnocení životních funkcí zvířete s okamžitým zahájením kardiopulmonální resuscitace, a to zejména nepřímou srdeční masáží a asistovaným dýcháním. Zvládnutí postupu při kardiopulmonální resuscitaci (CPR) včetně tréninku veterinárních sester a veterinárních lékařů dané ambulance/kliniky, technické vybavení pracoviště a připravenost léčiv výrazně zvyšuje šance pacienta na přežití. Velmi důležité je předoperační vyšetření zvířete, které minimalizuje vznik neočekávaných komplikací v průběhu sedace nebo anestezie. Včasným rozpoznáním komplikací při anestezii (apnoe se srdeční akcí) a bezprostředním řešením problému lze v mnoha případech pacienta zachránit. Cílem článku je seznámit veterinární lékaře s postupem při resuscitaci drobných savců s přihlédnutím k specifické anatomii a fyziologii.
Cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) is a life-threatening problem which quickly leads to the patient‘s death. CPA is a result of acute or chronic disease, or is associated with anaesthetic complication. Therapy of the CPA consists of quick life function evaluation and immediate initiation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), especially chest compression and artificial ventilation. The chance of successful CPR is strongly dependent on training of professionals (veterinary doctors and nurses), technical equipment and drug preparedness and availability. Preoperative clinical examination is in small mammals particularly important, as it minimizes possible risks during sedation or anaesthesia. The earlier id the anaesthetic complication recognized (apnoeic pause), the quicker is CPR started and the better is prognosis. The aim of the article is to describe CPR in small mammals and its specific anatomy and physiology.
Increasing research attention has focused on the use of stem cells (SCs) in regenerative and reparative medicine. Adipose-derived regenerative cells (ADRCs) are a relatively cheap and ethical source of SCs. Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) have been reported with rising incidence over recent decades. The main aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of ADRCs application on the healing of both soft and hard temporomandibular joint (TMJ) tissues, and to assess the possible utilization of ADRCs in TMD treatment. We investigated the effects of human ADRCs on the healing of TMJ defects in immunodeficient rabbits. With no prior cultivation, ADRCs were applied to a surgically created defect in the cartilage of a rabbit TMJ. The healing process and inflammatory response were examined. Our results indicated that ADRCs supported repair processes in soft tissues. However, ADRC treatment induced a significant immune response in both soft and hard tissues, with hard tissues showing a higher level of bone remodelling. Non-differentiated ADRCs can be a promising tool for regenerative medicine of TMJ; however, deeper understanding of their effect on the cellular level is needed.
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a condylar synovial joint that, together with the masticatory muscles, controls mandibular movement during mastication. The rabbit is often used as a model species for studying the mechanisms of TMJ diseases, and in regenerative research. However, there are significant differences between rabbit and human TMJs that should be taken into account before using this model for experimental research. Here, we use several analytical approaches (radiography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging) to enable a detailed description and analysis of the rabbit TMJ morphology. Moreover, possible surgical approaches have been introduced with a focus on available access into the rabbit TMJ cavity, which relate our findings to clinical usage.
- MeSH
- králíci anatomie a histologie chirurgie MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie metody MeSH
- počítačová rentgenová tomografie metody MeSH
- radiografie metody MeSH
- temporomandibulární kloub diagnostické zobrazování chirurgie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- králíci anatomie a histologie chirurgie MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
BACKGROUND: Prevalence of oral mucosal fungal infections increases with the frequent administration of antibiotics, corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs. Therapeutically used antifungals are usually associated with a variety of drug interactions. Furthermore, there has been a noticeable increase in microorganisms resistant to these preparations. Mucoadhesive buccal films represent a modern therapeutic system for the treatment of oral mucosal fungal infection paired with a high degree of patient compliance. Ciclopirox olamine applied directly onto the oral mucosa offers an attractive alternative to treatment with systemic antifungals thanks to its low incidence of resistance and side effects. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this work was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic parameters of ciclopirox olamine after the buccal application of mucoadhesive film prepared by the solvent casting method. METHOD: A chromatographic method using an internal standard was developed and validated for evaluation of ciclopirox olamine plasma concentrations. Method accuracy was 88.5-104.6% and 89.5-99.7% for interday and intraday assays, respectively. RESULTS: The pharmacokinetic properties of ciclopirox olamine were studied in New Zealand White rabbits. The mucoadhesive films containing ciclopirox olamine in a total dose of 34.4 (33.0; 35.9) mg kg-1 were applied to all the rabbits. Plasma ciclopirox olamine concentrations were determined during the 12 h following application. The time taken to reach maximum plasma concentration was 1.7 (1.1; 2.2) h after the drug administration with cmax 5.73 (4.18; 7.28) μg mL-1. Overall elimination half-life was 3.8 (1.9; 10.8) h. CONCLUSION: The experiment suggests that oral mucoadhesive film may be a valuable alternative ciclopirox olamine administration.
- MeSH
- antifungální látky aplikace a dávkování krev farmakokinetika MeSH
- aplikace bukální MeSH
- králíci MeSH
- molekulární struktura MeSH
- pyridony aplikace a dávkování krev farmakokinetika MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- králíci MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
In the United States, desexing is performed routinely in ferrets at the age of 6 weeks, therefore reproductive tract diseases are not so common. However, in Europe most ferrets are desexed when they are several months old, or they are kept as intact animals. For this reason, diseases of the reproductive organs and a prolonged estrus are far more frequent in Europe than in the United States. This article summarizes and reviews the anatomy, reproductive physiology, management of reproduction (including surgical and hormonal contraception) and reproductive tract diseases in male and female ferrets.
- MeSH
- estrus MeSH
- fretky anatomie a histologie fyziologie MeSH
- reprodukční lékařství MeSH
- rozmnožování MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Spojené státy americké MeSH
The tongue of an adult degu was examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. It consists of an apex, corpus, and radix and contains a lingual prominence. The aim of this study was to describe the course of muscle fascicles of the proper lingual muscle, the presence and nature of the lingual salivary glands, and particularly the appearance and distribution of the lingual papillae. Three major types of papillae have been observed: filiform, conical, and vallate. The dorsal surface of the lingual apex extends in caudally bent filiform papillae with two spines. The lingual corpus bears long filiform papillae with a single tip. The lingual radix contains crown-like papillae in the region of the prominence and conical papillae in the remaining areas. Two oval vallate papillae were discovered caudally on the lingual radix. This first description of the lingual structures in a degu could be used for comparative studies or as basic data for differentiation of lingual morphology in this species.
