Kniha nabízí sto otázek a sto odpovědí o Antarktidě. V několika oddílech autoři, účastníci antarktických výzkumů, představují tento kontinent, historii jeho objevování, geologii, věnují se klimatologickým otázkám a dopadům globálního oteplování v Antarktidě. V částech z biologických věd pojednávají o živočiších, včetně mikroorganismů, a rostlinách Antarktidy. Závěr věnují českému antarktickému výzkumnému programu, zajímavostem z české stanice J. G. Mendela, informacím o jejím budování a provozu od roku 2006 i samotnému ostrovu Jamese Rosse.

Strains P8930T and 478 were isolated from Antarctic glaciers located on James Ross Island and King George Island, respectively. They comprised Gram-stain-negative short rod-shaped cells forming pink pigmented colonies and exhibited identical 16S rRNA gene sequences and highly similar MALDI TOF mass spectra, and hence were assigned as representatives of the same species. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences assigned both isolates to the genus Pedobacter and showed Pedobacter frigidisoli and Pedobacter terrae to be their closest phylogenetic neighbours, with 97.4 and 97.2 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, respectively. These low similarity values were below the threshold similarity value of 98.7%, confirming the delineation of a new bacterial species. Further genomic characterization included whole-genome sequencing accompanied by average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization calculations, and characterization of the genome features. The ANI values between P8930T and P. frigidisoli RP-3-11T and P. terrae DSM 17933T were 79.7 and 77.6 %, respectively, and the value between P. frigidisoli RP-3-11T and P. terrae DSM 17933T was 77.7 %, clearly demonstrating the phylogenetic distance and the novelty of strain P8930T. Further characterization included analysis of cellular fatty acids, quinones and polar lipids, and comprehensive biotyping. All the obtained results proved the separation of strains P8930T and 478 from the other validly named Pedobacter species, and confirmed that they represent a new species for which the name Pedobacter fastidiosus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is P8930T (=CCM 8938T=LMG 32098T).

• MeSH
• DNA bakterií genetika   MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• mastné kyseliny chemie   MeSH
• Pedobacter * MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S genetika   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• techniky typizace bakterií MeSH
• zastoupení bazí MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Antarktida MeSH

Despite unfavorable Antarctic conditions, such as cold temperatures, freeze-thaw cycles, high ultraviolet radiation, dryness and lack of nutrients, microorganisms were able to adapt and surprisingly thrive in this environment. In this study, eight cold-adapted Flavobacterium strains isolated from a remote Antarctic island, James Ross Island, were studied using a polyphasic taxonomic approach to determine their taxonomic position. Phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene and 92 core genes clearly showed that these strains formed two distinct phylogenetic clusters comprising three and five strains, with average nucleotide identities significantly below 90% between both proposed species as well as between their closest phylogenetic relatives. Phenotyping revealed a unique pattern of biochemical and physiological characteristics enabling differentiation from the closest phylogenetically related Flavobacterium spp. Chemotaxonomic analyses showed that type strains P4023T and P7388T were characterized by the major polyamine sym-homospermidine and a quinone system containing predominantly menaquinone MK-6. In the polar lipid profile phosphatidylethanolamine, an ornithine lipid and two unidentified lipids lacking a functional group were detected as major lipids. These characteristics along with fatty acid profiles confirmed that these species belong to the genus Flavobacterium. Thorough genomic analysis revealed the presence of numerous cold-inducible or cold-adaptation associated genes, such as cold-shock proteins, proteorhodopsin, carotenoid biosynthetic genes or oxidative-stress response genes. Genomes of type strains surprisingly harbored multiple prophages, with many of them predicted to be active. Genome-mining identified biosynthetic gene clusters in type strain genomes with a majority not matching any known clusters which supports further exploratory research possibilities involving these psychrotrophic bacteria. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed a pattern of multidrug-resistant phenotypes that were correlated with in silico antibiotic resistance prediction. Interestingly, while typical resistance finder tools failed to detect genes responsible for antibiotic resistance, genomic prediction confirmed a multidrug-resistant profile and suggested even broader resistance than tested. Results of this study confirmed and thoroughly characterized two novel psychrotrophic Flavobacterium species, for which the names Flavobacterium flabelliforme sp. nov. and Flavobacterium geliluteum sp. nov. are proposed.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

A rod-shaped and Gram-stain-negative bacterial strain 9AT, was isolated from an air sample collected at King George Island, maritime Antarctica. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence reveals that strain 9AT belongs to the genus Hymenobacter and shows the highest similarity to Hymenobacter coccineus CCM 8649T (96.8 %). The DNA G+C content based on the draft genome sequence is 64.9 mol%. Strain 9AT is strictly aerobic, psychrophilic, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive and non-motile. Growth is observed at 0-20 °C (optimum 10 °C), pH 6.0-8.0 (optimum pH 7.0), and in the absence of NaCl. The predominant menaquinone of strain 9AT is MK-7 and the major fatty acids comprise Summed Feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c; 25.2 %), iso-C15 : 0 (23.2 %), C16 : 1 ω5c (11.6 %), Summed Feature 4 (anteiso-C17 : 1 B/iso-C17 : 1 I) (9.6 %) and anteiso-C15 : 0 (9.6 %). The polar lipid profile consists of the major lipid phosphatidylethanolamine and moderate to minor amounts of phosphatidylserine, unidentified aminolipids, aminophospholipids, aminophosphoglycolipids, polar lipids lacking a functional group and an unidentified phospholipid and a glycolipid. In the polyamine pattern sym-homospermidine is predominant. On the basis of the results obtained, strain 9AT is proposed as a novel species of the genus Hymenobacter, for which the name Hymenobacter caeli sp. nov. is suggested. The type strain is 9AT (=CCM 8971T=LMG 32109T=DSM 111653T).

• MeSH
• Bacteroidetes klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• DNA bakterií genetika   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• genom bakteriální MeSH
• mikrobiologie vzduchu * MeSH
• ostrovy * MeSH
• pravděpodobnostní funkce MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S genetika   MeSH
• zastoupení bazí MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Antarktida MeSH
• ostrovy * MeSH

Routinely used typing methods including MLST, rep-PCR and whole genome sequencing (WGS) are time-consuming, costly, and often low throughput. Here, we describe a novel mini-MLST scheme for Eschericha coli as an alternative method for rapid genotyping. Using the proposed mini-MLST scheme, 10,946 existing STs were converted into 1,038 Melting Types (MelTs). To validate the new mini-MLST scheme, in silico analysis was performed on 73,704 strains retrieved from EnteroBase resulting in discriminatory power D = 0.9465 (CI 95% 0.9726-0.9736) for mini-MLST and D = 0.9731 (CI 95% 0.9726-0.9736) for MLST. Moreover, validation on clinical isolates was conducted with a significant concordance between MLST, rep-PCR and WGS. To conclude, the great portability, efficient processing, cost-effectiveness, and high throughput of mini-MLST represents immense benefits, even when accompanied with a slightly lower discriminatory power than other typing methods. This study proved mini-MLST is an ideal method to screen and subgroup large sets of isolates and/or quick strain typing during outbreaks. In addition, our results clearly showed its suitability for prospective surveillance monitoring of emergent and high-risk E. coli clones'.

• MeSH
• bakteriální geny * MeSH
• denaturace nukleových kyselin MeSH
• DNA bakterií chemie   genetika   MeSH
• DNA primery MeSH
• epidemický výskyt choroby MeSH
• Escherichia coli klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• genom bakteriální MeSH
• genotypizační techniky * MeSH
• infekce vyvolané Escherichia coli mikrobiologie   MeSH
• jednonukleotidový polymorfismus * MeSH
• multilokusová sekvenční typizace metody   MeSH
• počítačová simulace MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce metody   MeSH
• repetitivní sekvence nukleových kyselin MeSH
• sekvenování celého genomu MeSH
• surveillance populace MeSH
• techniky typizace bakterií * MeSH
• zastoupení bazí MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Marine sponges represent a rich source of uncharacterized microbial diversity, and many are host to microorganisms that produce biologically active specialized metabolites. Here, a polyphasic approach was used to characterize two Actinobacteria strains, P01-B04T and P01-F02, that were isolated from the marine sponges Geodia barretti (Bowerbank, 1858) and Antho dichotoma (Esper, 1794), respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strains P01-B04T and P01-F02 are closely related to Streptomyces beijiangensis DSM 41794T, Streptomyces laculatispora NRRL B-24909T, and Streptomyces brevispora NRRL B-24910T. The two strains showed nearly identical 16S rRNA gene sequences (99.93%), and the average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) relatedness values were 99.96% and 99.6%, respectively, suggesting that these strains are affiliated with the same species. Chemotaxonomic and culture characteristics of both strains were also consistent with the genus Streptomyces, while phenotypic properties, genome-based comparisons, and phylogenomic analyses distinguished strains P01-B04T and P01-F02 from their closest phylogenetic relatives. In silico analysis predicted that the 8.9 Mb genome of P01-B04T contains at least 41 biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) encoding secondary metabolites, indicating that this strain could express diverse bioactive metabolites; in support of this prediction, this strain expressed antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria including a clinical isolate of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) EAMC30. Based on these results, the marine sponge-associated isolates represent a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces poriferorum sp. nov. is proposed, with P01-B04T (=DSM 111306T = CCM 9048T) as the type strain.

• MeSH
• antibióza * MeSH
• DNA bakterií genetika   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• hybridizace nukleových kyselin MeSH
• methicilin rezistentní Staphylococcus aureus MeSH
• multigenová rodina MeSH
• Porifera * mikrobiologie   MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S genetika   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• Streptomyces * klasifikace   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• techniky typizace bakterií MeSH
• zastoupení bazí MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Marine environments are home to an extensive number of microorganisms, many of which remain unexplored for taxonomic novelty and functional capabilities. In this study, a slow-growing Streptomyces strain expressing unique genomic and phenotypic characteristics, P38-E01 T , was described using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. This strain is part of a collection of over 8,000 marine Actinobacteria isolates collected in the Trondheim fjord of Norway by SINTEF Industry (Trondheim, Norway) and the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU, Trondheim, Norway). Strain P38-E01 T was isolated from the sediments of the Trondheim fjord, and phylogenetic analyses affiliated this strain with the genus Streptomyces, but it was not closely affiliated with other described species. The closest related type strains were Streptomyces daliensis YIM 31724 T (98.6%), Streptomyces rimosus subsp. rimosus ATCC 10970 T (98.4%), and Streptomyces sclerotialus NRRL ISP-5269 T (98.3%). Predominant fatty acids were C16:0 iso, C16:0, and Summed Feature 3, and the predominant respiratory quinones were MK-10(H6), MK-10(H4), and MK9(H4). The main polar lipids were identified as diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphoglycolipid. The whole-cell sugars were glucose, ribose, and in minor amounts, mannose. The cell wall peptidoglycan contained LL-diaminopimelic acid. The draft genome has a size of 6.16 Mb, with a %G + C content of 71.4% and is predicted to contain at least 19 biosynthetic gene clusters encoding diverse secondary metabolites. Strain P38-E01 T was found to inhibit the growth of the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans ATCC 90028 and a number of Gram-positive bacterial human and plant pathogens. Metabolites extracted from cultures of P38-E01 T were analyzed by mass spectrometry, and it was found that the isolate produced the antifungal compound candicidin. Phenotypic and chemotaxonomic signatures, along with phylogenetic analyses, distinguished isolate P38-E01 T from its closest neighbors; thus, this isolate represents a novel species of the genus Streptomyces for which the name Streptomyces tardus sp. nov. (P38-E01 T = CCM 9049 T = DSM 111582 T ) is proposed.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Bacteria of the genus Massilia often colonize extreme ecosystems, however, a detailed study of the massilias from the Antarctic environment has not yet been performed. Here, sixty-four Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, motile rods isolated from different environmental samples on James Ross Island (Antarctica) were subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. The psychrophilic isolates exhibited slowly growing, moderately slimy colonies revealing bold pink-red pigmentation on R2A agar. The set of strains exhibited the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities (99.5-99.9%) to Massilia violaceinigra B2T and Massilia atriviolacea SODT and formed several phylogenetic groups based on the analysis of gyrB and lepA genes. Phenotypic characteristics allowed four of them to be distinguished from each other and from their closest relatives. Compared to the nearest phylogenetic neighbours the set of six genome-sequenced representatives exhibited considerable phylogenetic distance at the whole-genome level. Bioinformatic analysis of the genomic sequences revealed a high number of putative genes involved in oxidative stress response, heavy-metal resistance, bacteriocin production, the presence of putative genes involved in nitrogen metabolism and auxin biosynthesis. The identification of putative genes encoding aromatic dioxygenases suggests the biotechnology potential of the strains. Based on these results four novel species and one genomospecies of the genus Massilia are described and named Massilia rubra sp. nov. (P3094T=CCM 8692T=LMG 31213T), Massilia aquatica sp. nov. (P3165T=CCM 8693T=LMG 31211T), Massilia mucilaginosa sp. nov. (P5902T=CCM 8733T=LMG 31210T), and Massilia frigida sp. nov. (P5534T=CCM 8695T=LMG 31212T).

• MeSH
• bakteriální geny MeSH
• DNA bakterií genetika   MeSH
• fenotyp MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• genom bakteriální MeSH
• geny rRNA MeSH
• geologické sedimenty mikrobiologie   MeSH
• jezera mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Oxalobacteraceae klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   fyziologie   MeSH
• řeky mikrobiologie   MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S genetika   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• techniky typizace bakterií MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Antarktida MeSH

A taxonomic study was carried out on four Gram-stain-negative strains P5773T, P6169, P4708 and P6245, isolated from anus or mouth samples of Weddell seals at James Ross Island, Antarctica. The results of initial 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that all four strains formed a group placed in the genus Pseudomonas and found Pseudomonas guineae and Pseudomonas peli to be their closest neighbours with 99.9 and 99.2 % sequence similarity, respectively. Sequence analysis of rpoD, rpoB and gyrB housekeeping genes confirmed the highest similarity of isolates to P. peli (rpoD) and to P. guineae (rpoB and gyrB). The average nucleotide identity value below 86 %, as calculated from the whole-genome sequence data, showed the low genomic relatedness of P5773T to its phylogenetic neighbours. The complete genome of strain P5773T was 4.4 Mb long and contained genes encoding proteins with biotechnological potential. The major fatty acids of the seal isolates were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c), summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c/C16 : 1ω6c) and C16:0. The major respiratory quinone was Q9. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol. Putrescine and spermidine are predominant in the polyamine pattern. Further characterization performed using repetitive sequence-based PCR fingerprinting and MALDI-TOF MS analysis showed that the studied isolates formed a coherent cluster separated from the remaining Pseudomonas species and confirmed that they represent a novel species within the genus Pseudomonas, for which the name Pseudomonasleptonychotis sp. nov. is suggested. The type strain is P5773T (=CCM 8849T=LMG 30618T).

• MeSH
• bakteriální geny MeSH
• DNA bakterií genetika   MeSH
• fosfolipidy chemie   MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• mastné kyseliny chemie   MeSH
• Pseudomonas klasifikace   MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S genetika   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• techniky typizace bakterií MeSH
• tuleňovití mikrobiologie   MeSH
• ubichinon chemie   MeSH
• zastoupení bazí MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Antarktida MeSH

A rod-shaped and Gram-stain-negative bacterial strain, 1BT, was isolated from an air sample collected at King George Island, maritime Antarctica. Strain 1BT is strictly aerobic, psychrophilic, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive and non-motile. Growth of strain 1BT is observed at 0-20 °C (optimum, 10 °C), pH 6.0-8.0 (optimum, pH 8.0) and in the presence of 0-1.0% NaCl (optimum, 0.5 % NaCl). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences places strain 1BT within the genus Hymenobacter and shows the highest similarity to Hymenobacter antarcticus VUG-A42aaT (97.5 %). The predominant menaquinone of strain 1BT is MK-7 and the major fatty acids (>10 %) comprise summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c; 32.5 %), iso-C15 : 0 (17.6 %) and anteiso C15 : 0 (12.3 %). The polar lipid profile consists of the major compounds phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, two unidentified aminolipids and one unidentified phospholipid. The DNA G+C content based on the draft genome sequence is 61.2 mol%. Based on the data from the current polyphasic study, 1BT represents a novel species of the genus Hymenobacter, for which the name Hymenobacter artigasi sp. nov. is suggested. The type strain is 1BT (=CCM 8970T=CGMCC 1.16843T).

• MeSH
• Cytophagaceae klasifikace   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• DNA bakterií genetika   MeSH
• fosfolipidy chemie   MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• mastné kyseliny chemie   MeSH
• mikrobiologie vzduchu * MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S genetika   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• techniky typizace bakterií MeSH
• vitamin K 2 analogy a deriváty   chemie   MeSH
• zastoupení bazí MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Antarktida MeSH