BACKGROUND: Alemtuzumab (ALEM) is a humanised monoclonal antibody that depletes circulating lymphocytes by selectively targeting CD52, which is expressed in high levels on T- and B-lymphocytes. This depletion is followed by lymphocyte repopulation and a cytokine expression shift towards a lesser inflammatory profile, both of which may contribute to prolonged efficacy. National recommendations for enrolling and treating multiple sclerosis (MS) patients with ALEM have been established. However, there are no recommendations in place for the treatment of MS reactivation after the ALEM treatment. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the use of ALEM and to analyse subsequent disease-modifying treatments (DMTs). A multidimensional prediction model was developed to make a patient-specific prognosis regarding the response to ALEM. DESIGN: A multicentre, prospective, non-controlled, non-interventional, observational cohort study. METHODS: Relapsing multiple sclerosis patients (RMSp) who received ⩾1 dose of ALEM were enrolled. In each treatment year, the following baseline and prospective data were collected: age, MS history, number, type and duration of previous disease-modifying treatment (PDMT), relapse rate (REL), expanded disability status scale (EDSS), magnetic resonance imaging and serious adverse events (AE). In cases of reactivation of MS, all data about the subsequent DMT were collected. RESULTS: A total of 142 RMSp from 10 MS Slovak Centres fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The average age was 35 years (standard error 8.56). The overall average EDSS was 3.87 (1.46) when ALEM was started. The average duration of PDMT was 6.0 (4.04) years, and the median number of PDMTs was 3 (0-5), while the patients were mostly treated with 2 or 3 DMTs (>65.00%). Post-ALEM treatment was needed in 39 cases (27.46%). The most frequent post-ALEM treatment indicated was ocrelizumab, followed by natalizumab (NAT), siponimod and cladribine. The ocrelizumab and NAT treatment bring little benefit to patients. Siponimod showed less EDSS increase in contrast to ocrelizumab and NAT. Another repopulation therapy, cladribine, may also be an effective option. Statistically significant predictors for the expected EDSS are age (p-value <0.0001), number of ALEM cycles (0.0066), high number of PDMT (0.0459) and the occurrence of relapses (<0.0001). There was no statistically significant effect on the patient's gender (0.6038), duration of disease-modifying treatment before alemtuzumab (0.4466), or the occurrence of AE (0.6668). CONCLUSION: The study confirms the positive effect of ALEM on clinical and radiological outcomes. We need more data from long-term sequencing studies.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
PURPOSE: Anterior and posterior reconstructions of pelvic structures are used during a robot-assisted radical prostatectomy to obtain better continence outcomes. This study was conducted to evaluate the Advanced Reconstruction of Vesicourethral Support (ARVUS), a novel postprostatectomy reconstruction technique. METHODS: The study was designed as a prospective, controlled, partially randomized and blinded experiment. The statistical analysis was based on the generalized linear modeling (GLM) framework with random effects: the logit link was used to model the probability of achieving continence and the logarithmic link was used to evaluate the overall score of the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form (ICIQ-SF). The significance of the fixed effects and all possible two-way interactions was tested using the critical level of 0.05. RESULTS: The probability of achieving the continence significantly depends on the neurovascular bundle sparing (p < 0.001) and the time after the surgery (p < 0.001). Analogously, the expected ICIQ-SF score significantly depends on the nerve-sparing status (p = 0.035) and the time after the surgery (p < 0.001). No statistically significant difference between the unilateral or bilateral nerve sparing was found. The ARVUS technique seems to perform slightly worse with respect to the expected continence, but this difference is within the margins of random fluctuations (p = 0.715). CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrates a significant positive association between the nerve-sparing approach and the patient's continence, however, regardless of the unilateral or bilateral approach. In terms of the continence rate, no statistically significant benefits of ARVUS were observed.
- MeSH
- anastomóza chirurgická metody MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- inkontinence moči epidemiologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- močový měchýř chirurgie MeSH
- nádory prostaty chirurgie MeSH
- pooperační komplikace epidemiologie MeSH
- prospektivní studie MeSH
- prostatektomie metody MeSH
- roboticky asistované výkony * MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- uretra chirurgie MeSH
- urologické chirurgické výkony metody MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
Úvod: Identifikovanie faktorov ovplyvňujúcich kvalitu operačnej liečby nefrolitiázy môže zlepšiť operačnú starostlivosť poskytovanú pacientom. Cieľom štúdie bolo identifikovať faktory, ktoré vplývajú na potrebu opakovaných intervencií po operačnej liečbe nefrolitiázy perkutánnou nefrolitolapaxiou a flexibilnou ureterorenoskopiou. Metóda: Do štúdie bolo zaradených 149 pacientov operovaných pre nefrolitiázu na II. Urologickej klinike SZU FNsP F.D. Roosevelta Banská Bystrica v období od januára 2015 do konca júna 2015. Súbor obsahoval 60 žien s priemerným vekom 57 rokov (v rozmedzí 28 až 91) a 89 mužov s priemerným vekom 58 rokov (v rozmedzí 30 až 92). Pacienti boli liečení perkutánnou extrakciou konkrementu (67 prípadov) a flexibilnou ureterorenoskopiou (82 prípadov, z toho 72 s použitím pulverizačnej techniky). Retrospektívne boli skúmané faktory s potenciálnym vplyvom na mieru potreby opakovaných intervencií v priebehu nasledujúcich 12 mesiacov. Pre štatistickú analýzu bola použitá metóda regresného modelovania pomocou zovšeobecneného lineárneho modelu (General Linear Model − GLM) a princíp postupného budovania modelu (tzv. stepwise forward postup). Výsledky: Ako štatisticky významné faktory, ktoré ovplyvňujú pravdepodobnosť nutnosti opakovanej intervencie pre ipsilaterálnu nefrolitiázu na hladine významnosti 5 %, sa potvrdili veľkosť urolitiázy (p-hodnota 0,0035) a pooperačná prítomnosť reziduálnych konkrementov (p-hodnota 0,0418). Ostatné skúmané faktory ako demografické údaje (vek, pohlavie), operačná metóda (perkutánna extrakcia konkrementu alebo flexibilná ureterorenoskopia), množstvo konkrementov, pooperačný drenážny systém (nefrostómia alebo JJ stent) nemali na pravdepodobnosť opakovanej intervencie štatisticky významný vplyv. Záver: Pacienti môžu benefitovať z preventívnych opatrení vedúcich ku skorej diagnostike urolitiázy v počiatočných štádiách s malými rozmermi. Dokonalá operačná technika, ktorá vedie ku kompletnému peroperačnému odstráneniu litiázy, je podstatná z hľadiska zníženia potreby opakovaných intervencií.
Introduction: Identifying factors effecting the quality of nephrolithiasis surgical treatment could improve medical care for patients suffering from kidney stone disease. The objective of the article is to identify factors influencing reintervention rate after surgical treatment of kidney stone disease either by percutaneous nephrolitholapaxy or flexible ureterorenoscopy. Method: A retrospective study was conducted on 149 patients who underwent a surgery for a kidney stone disease at the Urological department of F.D. Roosevelt hospital Banská Bystrica from January 2015 till June 2015. The cohort included 60 women at average age of 57 (range 28–91) and 89 men at average age of 58 (range 30–92). Patients were treated by percutaneous litholapaxy (67 cases) and flexible ureterorenoscopy (82 cases, including 72 using dusting technique). Factors with potential influence on probability of repeated intervention during following 12 months have been studied and statistically analyzed. For the statistical analysis we used the generalized linear regression framework (GLM − Generalized Linear Model) with the stepwise forward modeling approach. Results: Using the significance level of 5% the statistically significant factors affecting the probability of the re-intervention for ipsilateral kidney stone disease are the stone size (p-value 0.0035) and the postoperative stone free status (p-value 0.0418). Other studied factors as demographical data (age, gender), surgical method (percutaneous nephrolitolapaxy or flexible ureterorenoscopy), stone count, postoperative draining system (nefrostomy or JJ stent) did not have any statistically significant impact. Conclusion: Patients could benefit from early diagnosis which could lead to earlier identification of smaller stones. Perfect operative technique with intraoperative achievement of stone free status is important to lower the need of repeated intervention.
Physiological and behavioural constraints hinder albino individuals. Albino animals are rare in the wild; this trait is associated with easy detection by predators, non-native or damaged environments, and exclusively aphotic environments in total darkness. The social aspect of albinism is reported only for human beings, and the effect is distinguishable in time and space when social benefits, are used to a limited the extent. Thus far, the social consequences of albinism for animals remain unknown. We used socially established groups of the pigmented catfish, (Silurus glanis), to observe space and temporal distance detachment of albino specimens in laboratory conditions. The albino fish were separated at larger distances from the group than pigmented individuals with the same social status determined by familiarity, and this asymmetry also varied in time. Albinism-related ostracism results in a solitary existence, usually followed by enhanced predation risk. The motivation for an individual's exclusion from a group appears to be the avoidance of the predation risk that increases not only for an odd individual but also for conspecifics within a group. Our findings indicate a role for albinism in behavioural processes related to sociality in a group of conspecifics.
- MeSH
- albinismus patofyziologie MeSH
- pigmentace fyziologie MeSH
- sumci fyziologie MeSH
- tma MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
