At first sight, the issue of morphological terminology may seem to be a "closed and unchanging chapter", as many of the structures within the human body have been known for decades or even centuries. However, the exact opposite is true. The initial knowledge of the microscopic structure of the human body has been continuously broadening thanks to the development of new specialized staining techniques, discovery of the electron microscope, or later application of histochemical and immunohistochemical methods into routine tissue examination. Contrary to popular belief, histology has a status of constantly developing scientific discipline, with continuous influx of new knowledge, resulting in an unavoidable necessity to revise the histological nomenclature at regular intervals. The team of experts of the Federative International Programme on Anatomical Terminology, a working group of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists, published in 2008 the First Edition of Terminologia Histologica. Terminologia Histologica (TH) is the best and most extensive of all the histological nomenclatures ever issued. However, here we suggest that several terms of important histological structures are still missing while several other terms are disputable. First, we present some clinically important terms of cells and tissue structures for inclusion in the next TH and, in a second part, we refer to some new terms in the current edition of the TH which are not yet mentioned in current histology textbooks (e.g., fusocellular connective tissue, bundle bone as the third type of bone tissue, spongy layer of vagina or arteria vaginata from the splenic white pulp). With this article we hope to start a wide scientific discussion which will lead to an inambiguous definition and demonstration of typical examples of all terms in the TH, with the result that the new edition of the Terminologia Histologica will become an internationally accepted communication tool for all practitioners and teachers of histology alike.
- MeSH
- anatomie normy MeSH
- anatomové MeSH
- buňky klasifikace MeSH
- histologie normy trendy MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- příručky lékařské MeSH
- terminologie jako téma * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Anatomical nomenclature is the main tool of communication in morphology, anatomy and other medical disciplines as well as in medical education, and thus needs to be exact, flawless, elaborate and correct. The Terminologia Anatomica (TA) is a thorough and extensive list of anatomical terms and their definitions, and the current standard for human anatomical terminology. Although several revisions to the TA have been made in the last 20 years, some important anatomical structures are still not included. This article is aimed at correcting and extending the anatomical nomenclature described in the TA. We gathered and presented a list of anatomical terms, with their definitions and explanations, to provoke a discussion about correcting and extending the TA. Our list comprises of 96 terms related to the locomotor system of the human body, i.e., the bones, joints, muscles and related structures.
Nomenclature of the general and variant anatomy belongs to the most neglected parts of the Latin anatomical nomenclature in Terminologia Anatomica. Although many important small structures are included in Terminologia Anatomica, when describing and teaching particular anatomy of any part of the human body, the general terms are necessary, such as planes, lines and flexion grooves. Moreover, Terminologia Anatomica contains only 149 terms of variant structures, enlisted in the parentheses to differentiate them from constant ones. They are only a rather representative selection and some more should be added, both from the educational and clinical point of view. The authors present some terms, completed with their definitions or explanations concerning the general and variant anatomy to evoke broader discussion on this topic which should issue in incorporation of proposed terms (or their equivalents) into the Terminologia Anatomica.
- MeSH
- anatomická variace * MeSH
- anatomie normy MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- terminologie jako téma * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The article deals with our experience of Terminologia Anatomica (TA) in fields of education (of systemic and topographic anatomy) and clinical medicine (teaching of clinical anatomy and courses for young physicians in endoscopy). The anatomical nomenclature in Latin has been official for 120 years and its latest version for 17 years. Its main weak points should be discussed in public (or at least the discussion should be provoked), which is the reason for publishing the following findings and ensuing proposals. They are classified with seven groups: mistakes in TA, discrepancies in TA, multiplication of terms, synonyms in TA, identical terms for different structures, too long terms and missing terms in TA. The last group comprises missing terms in systemic anatomy, clinical anatomy, a paucity of terms in variant anatomy, in locomotion system and in topographic anatomy. Several attempts to draw attention to these have been made by the publication of inaccuracies in Nomina Anatomica and TA but this article summarizes and reviews current situation, emphasizing the weak points of the TA and brings several proposals and suggestions for further discussion.
- MeSH
- anatomie výchova normy MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lokomoce fyziologie MeSH
- reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
- studium lékařství normy MeSH
- terminologie jako téma * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The clinical venous anatomy of the pelvis and its veins featured a break-through during the past few years. Not only the diagnostic and therapeutical methods but also the knowledge of the functional anatomy and nomenclatures of the veins underwent substantial changes. Eleven years ago, the most recent revision of the Latin anatomical nomenclature, Terminologia Anatomica (TA, 1998) was issued. In 2004, during the 21st World Congress of the International Union of Angiology, a consensus document (under the auspices of Federative International Committee on Anatomical Terminology and International Federation of Associations of Anatomists), reflecting phlebologists' requests for new terms and replacing several insufficient ones, was accepted. Six new terms were added in both Latin and English languages in the chapter concerning the veins of the pelvis. Eponyms are not considered equal synonyms and moreover only one of them was recommended for general use. Detailed anatomy of the veins of the pelvis is discussed. This consensus document will be incorporated in the next version of the Teminologia Anatomica.
- MeSH
- anatomie normy MeSH
- hýždě krevní zásobení MeSH
- konsensus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lumbosakrální krajina krevní zásobení MeSH
- pánev krevní zásobení MeSH
- pohlavní orgány krevní zásobení MeSH
- terminologie jako téma MeSH
- vena iliaca anatomie a histologie ultrasonografie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
V předkládaném pojednání charakterizujeme styl soudnělékařských textů, které jsou často postupovány nelékařské odborné veřejnosti. Čeština má v soudním lékařství tradiční postavení, čemuž je značnou měrou přizpůsobeno soudnělékařské lexikum. Toto dokládáme studiem požadavků na styl těchto textů, jak jsou uváděny v soudnělékařských publikacích. Jádrem studie je analýza anatomických názvů excerpovaných z pitevních protokolů. Prostor je věnován způsobu pojmenování názvů anatomických struktur, které nemají vžité české označení. V závěru naznačujeme možnosti dalšího studia standardizace české anatomické nomenklatury pro účely automatického rozpoznávání mluveného slova (např. pitevních protokolů).
The paper describes the medico-legal language style of texts which are often meant for non-medical scholars. Traditionally, the Czech language has been used in forensic medicine, instead of Latin (words with Latin roots). The paper also presents requirements for the language style of medico-legal texts as we have found them in academic publications. The core of the paper is an analysis of the anatomical terms extracted from autopsy protocols. We focus on designation of those anatomical structures which do not have their established Czech equivalents. Possibilities of a future research of the Czech anatomical nomenclature standardization for speech recognition (e.g. autopsy protocols) are mentioned.
- MeSH
- anatomie metody normy trendy MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- pitva metody normy MeSH
- sémantika MeSH
- software pro rozpoznávání řeči trendy využití MeSH
- soudní lékařství dějiny metody normy MeSH
- terminologie jako téma MeSH
- úmrtní listy zákonodárství a právo MeSH
- záznamy jako téma normy MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Před deseti lety byla přijata a publikována poslední revize latinské anatomické nomenklatury Terminologia Anatomica, mezinárodně uznávaná i organizací sdružující národní anatomické společnosti – International Federation of Associations of Anatomists. V článku autoři zevrubně rozebírají, jaké novinky názvosloví přináší a jakými jazykovými změnami prošlo. Rovněž zdůrazňují, kterých nejčastějších chyb se dopouštějí odborníci při používání latinské anatomické terminologie a jaké je postavení eponym v současném názvosloví. Poslední verze názvosloví si obtížně nachází cestu k odborné veřejnosti, a proto je třeba poukázat na pozitivní změny a výhody, které přinesla. Tato verze latinské anatomické nomenklatury je doporučena mezinárodní federací jako jediná k používání v teoretických i klinických oborech medicíny. Autoři doporučují používat poslední verzi latinské anatomické terminologie v ústním i písemném styku, ve výuce i v publikacích.
Ten years ago, the latest revision of the Latin anatomical nomenclature was approved and published as Terminologia Anatomica (International Anatomical Terminology), and is acknowledged by the organization uniting national anatomical societies - International Federation of Associations of Anatomists. The authors concentrate on new terms included in the nomenclature and on the linguistic changes of terminology. The most frequent errors done by medical specialists in the usage of the Latin anatomical terminology are emphasized and the situation of eponyms in contemporary anatomy is discussed in detail as well. The last version of the nomenclature makes its way very slowly in the professional community and it is necessary to refer to positive changes and advantages it has brought. The usage of this Latin anatomical nomenclature version is suggested by the International Federation to follow in theoretical and clinical fields of medicine. The authors of the article strongly recommend using the recent revision of the Latin anatomical nomenclature both in the oral and written forms, when educating and publishing.
- MeSH
- anatomie topografická metody MeSH
- anatomie * klasifikace metody normy MeSH
- anomálie koronárních cév patofyziologie MeSH
- histologické techniky metody normy využití MeSH
- histologie * MeSH
- koronární cévy * anatomie a histologie fyziologie patofyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikrocévy anatomie a histologie fyziologie patofyziologie MeSH
- regionální krevní průtok fyziologie MeSH
- srdce anatomie a histologie fyziologie patofyziologie MeSH
- statistika jako téma MeSH
- vény anatomie a histologie fyziologie patofyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
