Státní zdravotní ústav je od roku 1994 pověřen garantováním Systému monitorování zdravotního stavu obyvatelstva ve vztahu k životnímu prostředí. V letošním roce (2024) slavíme 30. výročí založení tohoto systému. Cílem systému je dosáhnout systematického a transparentního hodnocení negativních vlivů, které působí na českou populaci. Důležitou roli hraje dietární expozice. Pro monitorování dietární expozice je třeba znalost národní spotřeby potravin na individuální úrovni, určení nejvýznamnějších druhů potravin v obvyklé dietě, jejich běžná kulinární úprava, kombinace do kompozitních vzorků k laboratorní analýze zájmových chemických látek, výpočet expozičních dávek a charakterizace zdravotního rizika pro spotřebitele. V současné době probíhá dvouletý cyklus 2024–2025 dle nastaveného systému. Během předchozího cyklu (2022–2023) byly vzorky potravin odebírány v 8 obdobích, 4 regionech v 96 různých prodejnách, na 40 místech republiky. Také bylo provedeno 8 online nákupů. Nakoupeno bylo celkem 3 432 individuálních vzorků potravin. Potraviny byly kulinárně zpracovány a smíchány do 143 jednotlivých typů kompozitních vzorků. Celkem bylo za dvouleté období zpracováno 880 regionálních a 220 reprezentativních kompozitních vzorků pro chemickou analýzu na cca 70 chemických látek. Výsledky jsou rámcově srovnávány dlouhodobě jako trend vývoje chronické expoziční dávky u kontaminantů a vývoje adekvátnosti přívodu u nutrientů. Vědecky podložené hodnocení zdravotních rizik na základě dat monitoringu dietární expozice již přispělo k obhájení některých rozhodnutí příslušných orgánů ČR i na mezinárodní úrovni s významnými finančními dopady.
Since 1994, the National Institute of Public Health has been entrusted with guaranteeing the Environmental Health Monitoring System. This year (2024), we celebrate the 30th anniversary of the establishment of this system. The goal of the system is to achieve a systematic and transparent assessment of environmental and health effects that affect the Czech population. Dietary exposure plays an important role. The monitoring of dietary exposure requires the knowledge of the national food consumption at an individual level, determination of important foods in the usual diet, usual culinary preparations, combination into composite samples for laboratory analysis of chemical substances of interest, and calculation of exposure doses and characterization of the health risk for consumers. Currently, the two-year cycle 2024/2025 is taking place according to the set system. During the previous cycle (2022/2023), food samples were taken in 8 periods and 4 regions of the country. Totally 96 purchases in 40 different places across the whole country plus 8 online purchases were made. A total of 3,432 individual food samples were collected. The foods were culinary processed and mixed into 143 individual types of composite samples. In total, 880 regional and 220 representative composite samples were analyzed for approximately 70 chemical substances over a two-year period. The results are broadly compared in the long term to monitor a trend in the development of the chronic exposure dose for contaminants and the intake adequacy for nutrients. The health risks assessment based on dietary exposure monitoring data has among others contributed to better governmental decisions with significant positive economic impacts.
V roce 2024 uplynulo 30 let od zahájení systematického sběru a hodnocení údajů o expozici českého obyvatelstva toxickým chemickým látkám a škodlivým faktorům, včetně charakterizace vyplývajících zdravotních rizik. V rámci Systému monitorování pravidelně hodnotíme zdravotní rizika z expozice kontaminantům městského ovzduší, pitné vody z veřejných vodovodů a celého spotřebního koše potravin, realizujeme program lidského biomonitoringu běžné populace, zkoumáme účinky komunálního hluku, sledujeme dopady expozice v pracovním prostředí a organizujeme národní šetření zdravotního stavu obyvatelstva. Článek přináší přehled činnosti monitoringu s ilustracemi jeho výstupů.
In 2024, 30 years have passed since the introduction of the systematic collection and evaluation of data on the exposure of the Czech population to toxic chemical substances and harmful factors, including the characterization of related health risks. Within the monitoring System, we regularly assess health risks related to exposure to urban air pollutants, contaminants in drinking water from public water supply systems and in the entire consumption food basket, we perform human biomonitoring of the general population, investigate the effects of community noise, monitor the effects of exposure in the work environment, and we organise national survey of the population's health status. The article provides an overview of monitoring activities and output illustrations.
- MeSH
- biologický monitoring MeSH
- dietární expozice analýza MeSH
- environmentální zdraví MeSH
- hluk škodlivé účinky MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí * MeSH
- nemoci z povolání MeSH
- ochrana veřejného zdraví MeSH
- vystavení vlivu životního prostředí analýza škodlivé účinky MeSH
- znečištění životního prostředí analýza prevence a kontrola MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
In this study, representative urban and peri-urban Indian food baskets have been studied for the presence of toxic and essential elements. The concentration of target toxic and essential elements was used to estimate dietary intakes (EDIs) and health risks. Across all food matrices, toxic elements like Cd and Pb were dominant. The highest concentrations of the target elements were found in vegetables, with Cd, Pb, and Ni being beyond permissible limits of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Health organization (0.05 mg/kg, 0.1 mg/kg, and 1.5 mg/kg, respectively) in okra, spinach, and cauliflower. The sum of concentrations of the toxic elements (As, Ni, Hg, Cr, Cd, Pb) in vegetables had a range of 0.54-12.08 mg/kg, the highest sum was found in spinach (median 12.08 mg/kg), followed by okra (median 1.68 mg/kg). The EDI was observed for vegetables with a contribution as high as 92% for Cd. Dairy products were found with the highest loading for Ni with a dietary intake of 3.1 mg/kg/day for adults and twice as much for children. Carcinogenic risk for Ni was the highest and found above the threshold for all food categories, as was the case with As. Cumulative carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks were mostly contributed by milk and vegetables, in particular, spinach.
- MeSH
- dietární expozice analýza MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- hodnocení rizik MeSH
- kadmium analýza MeSH
- karcinogeny MeSH
- kontaminace potravin analýza MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu * analýza MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
- olovo MeSH
- těžké kovy * analýza MeSH
- zelenina MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The use of contaminated raw materials can lead to the transfer of mycotoxins into the final product, including beer. This study describes the use of the commercially available immunoaffinity column 11+Myco MS-PREP® and UPLC-MS/MS for the determination of mycotoxins in pale lager-type beers brewed in Czech Republic and other European countries. The additional aim of the work was to develop, optimize and validate this analytical method. Validation parameters such as linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), precision and accuracy were tested. The calibration curves were linear with correlation coefficients (R2 > 0.99) for all mycotoxins under investigation. The LOD ranged from 0.1 to 50 ng/L and LOQ from 0.4 to 167 ng/L. Recoveries of the selected analytes ranged from 72.2 to 101.1%, and the relative standard deviation under conditions repeatability (RSDr) did not exceed 16.3% for any mycotoxin. The validated procedure was successfully applied for the analysis of mycotoxins in a total of 89 beers from the retail network. The results were also processed using advanced chemometric techniques and compared with similar published studies. The toxicological impact was taken into account.
OBJECTIVES: Acrylamide (AA) is considered one of the contaminants that occur in heat-processed agri-food products, which through diet can increase the risk of developing cancer for consumers of all age groups. METHODS: This review analysed the level of acrylamide of the most important heat-processed agri-food products that contribute to the dietary exposure of the population of different European countries and the assessment of health risks related to the presence of AA in food. RESULTS: The results of monitoring AA concentrations in agri-food products, reported individually by researchers or projects such as CONTAM in 2015 and the UK Food Standard Agency in 2017, show that some products exceeding the recently set European reference level are reported as such for specific values - mean UB/RLs in μg.kg-1: French fries (550/500), coffee dry (523/400), coffee substitutes (1,499/500, 400), processed cereal-based baby foods (76/40), potato crisps and snacks (2,214/750), breakfast cereals (744/300), biscuits and crackers (637/350, 400), and coffee substitutes (1,897/500). Average values (μg/kg body weight per day) of exposure to AA from food for different age groups (EFSA) are estimated at 0.4-1.9, but in different European countries, as reported by several studies (including Romania), are between 1.4 and 3.4. CONCLUSION: Starting from the genotoxic and carcinogenic potential of acrylamide, it is important to regularly monitor the presence of acrylamide and its levels in food and to investigate the food pattern of the population to detect the share of foods at risk of exposure.
- MeSH
- akrylamid * analýza MeSH
- dietární expozice * analýza MeSH
- karcinogeny MeSH
- kontaminace potravin analýza MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- vysoká teplota MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
An informed opinion to a hugely important question, whether the food on the Europeans' plate is safe to eat, is provided. Today, the Europeans face food-borne health risks from non-communicable diseases induced by excess body weight, outbreaks caused by pathogens, antimicrobial resistance and exposures to chemical contaminants. In this review, these risks are first put in an order of importance. Then, not only potentially injurious dietary chemicals are discussed but also beneficial factors of the food. This review can be regarded as an attempt towards a dietary-exposome evaluation of the chemicals, the average European adult consumers could chronically expose to during their life-times. Risk ranking reveals that currently the European adults are chronically exposed to a mixture of potentially genotoxic-carcinogenic contaminants, particularly food process contaminants, at the potential risk levels. Furthermore, several of the contaminants whose dietary exposures pose risks appear to be carcinogens operating with a genotoxic mode of action targeting the liver. This suggests that combined health risks from the exposure to a mixture of the chemical contaminants poses a greater potential risk than the risks assessed for single compounds. Over 100 European-level risk assessments are examined. Finally, the importance of a diversified and balanced diet is emphasized.
- MeSH
- dietární expozice analýza MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- expozom * MeSH
- hodnocení rizik MeSH
- karcinogeny MeSH
- kontaminace potravin * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- potraviny * MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Evropa MeSH
The monitoring of various elements in the cow milk is important in the agricultural sector. The goal of this study was to determine the concentrations of calcium (Ca), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), mercury (Hg), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in the milk samples coming from different origins (local region in Nitra, nationwide sample represents the common Slovak brands of milk and common brands of milk from Czech Republic widely available in Slovakia). The samples were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrometry. A high level of variability in the Cu, Fe, Na, Ni, and Zn contents was observed. Magnesium was comparatively high in the milk sample from Slovakia (273.23 ± 16.32 μg/mL) against sample from Nitra (230.91 ± 9.48 μg/mL) and Czech Republic (202.70 ± 10.83 μg/mL). Potassium was significantly higher in milk from Nitra region (3301.98 ± 95.66) against SK sample (2925.16 ± 75.74 μg/mL). There were no significant differences in other elements among the three regions. The provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) contribution suggested low dietary exposure to observed toxic metals (Cd, Hg, and Pb) in milk samples. Margin of exposure (MOE) evaluation denoted that even higher consumption of milk poses no high cardiovascular and nephrotoxicity threat. However, Cd and Pb are known for their cumulative effect and the monitoring of these elements in milk is strongly required.
- MeSH
- dietární expozice analýza MeSH
- hodnocení rizik MeSH
- kontaminace potravin analýza MeSH
- mléko chemie normy MeSH
- stopové prvky analýza MeSH
- těžké kovy analýza MeSH
- xenobiotika analýza MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Mycotoxins are widely studied by many research groups in all aspects, but the stability of these compounds needs further research for clarification. The objective of this study is to evaluate deoxynivalenol and zearalenone stability during all steps of the malting and brewing processes. The levels of these compounds decreased significantly during the production process (barley to beer). During the malting process, the DON levels decreased significantly in the steeping, germination, and malting steps (62%, 51.5%, and 68%, respectively). Considering ZEN, when the levels were compared between barley and the last step of the process, a significant decrease was observed. Most of the mycotoxins produced were transferred to the rootlets and spent grains, which is advantageous considering the final product. Furthermore, the mycotoxin dietary intake estimation was included in this study. The results proved that if the concentrations of target mycotoxins in raw material are under the limits established by the regulations, the levels decrease during the malting and brewing processes and make the beer secure for consumers. The quality of the five commodities involved in the beer process plays a decisive role in the creation of a safe final product.
- MeSH
- dietární expozice analýza MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- Fusarium MeSH
- ječmen (rod) mikrobiologie MeSH
- kontaminace potravin analýza MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- pivo analýza MeSH
- potravinářský průmysl MeSH
- trichotheceny analýza MeSH
- zearalenon analýza MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
