Mono-methylindoles (MMI) were described as agonists and/or antagonists of the human aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Here, we investigated the effects of MMI on AhR-CYP1A pathway in human hepatocytes and HepaRG cells derived from human progenitor hepatic cells. All MMI, except of 2-methylindole, strongly induced CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 mRNAs in HepaRG cells. Induction of CYP1A genes was absent in AhR-knock-out HepaRG cells. Consistently, CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 mRNAs and proteins were induced by all MMIs (except 2-methylindole), in human hepatocytes. The enzyme activity of CYP1A1 was inhibited by MMIs in human hepatocytes and LS180 colon cancer cells in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50 values from 1.2 μM to 23.8 μM and from 3.4 μM to 11.4 μM, respectively). Inhibition of CYP1A1 activity by MMI in human liver microsomes was much weaker as compared to that in intact cells. Incubation of parental MMI with human hepatocytes either diminished (4-methylindole, 6-methylindole) or enhanced (7-methylindole) their agonist effects on AhR in AZ-AHR reporter cells. In conclusion, overall effects of MMI on AhR-CYP1A pathway in human cells comprise the induction of CYP1A genes through AhR, the inhibition of CYP1A catalytic activity and possibly the metabolic transformation causing loss or gain of AhR agonist activity of parental compounds.
- MeSH
- cytochrom P-450 CYP1A1 antagonisté a inhibitory biosyntéza genetika MeSH
- enzymová indukce MeSH
- hepatocyty účinky léků enzymologie MeSH
- indoly farmakologie MeSH
- induktory cytochromu P450 farmakologie MeSH
- inhibitory cytochromu P450 farmakologie MeSH
- jaterní mikrozomy účinky léků enzymologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
- nádory tračníku enzymologie MeSH
- receptory aromatických uhlovodíků agonisté genetika metabolismus MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- transkripční faktory bHLH agonisté genetika metabolismus MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
INTRODUCTION: Identification of inducers of xenobiotic-metabolizing cytochromes P450 (CYP) is of topical interest. The issue mainly concerns three sectors: (i) preclinical testing of drug candidates and testing existing drugs and their combinations; (ii) food safety applications with regard to additives, contaminants, and adulterants; (iii) environmental applications, comprising detection and identification of endocrine disruptors. AREAS COVERED: A literature search was performed using the PubMed database, covering state-of-the-art of human hepatocyte (HH) culture use, and their exploitation for the identification of P450 inducers. A list of CYP inducers identified by HHs is provided. EXPERT OPINION: Primary cultures of HHs had long been considered as a gold standard for induction assays of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes. Owing to several shortcomings of HHs, alternative approaches such as immortalization of HHs, use of cell lines, generation of clonal cell lines from HHs, use of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, cells from humanized animals, etc., were employed. While yielding particular advantage, overall, alternatives to HHs still remain an avenue for discrete applications or technical situations. Thus, HHs remain the most suitable model for complex CYP induction studies. The summary may be effectively expressed by strength/weakness/opportunity/threats analysis.
- MeSH
- buněčné linie MeSH
- hepatocyty enzymologie MeSH
- indukované pluripotentní kmenové buňky MeSH
- induktory cytochromu P450 farmakologie MeSH
- kultivované buňky MeSH
- lékové interakce MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- preklinické hodnocení léčiv metody MeSH
- racionální návrh léčiv MeSH
- systém (enzymů) cytochromů P-450 biosyntéza metabolismus MeSH
- xenobiotika metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) expression and activity are not homogeneous in the liver lobules. Indeed, CYPs are mainly expressed and induced in centrilobular hepatocytes. The wingless-type MMTV integration site family (WNT)/β-catenin pathway was identified as a major regulator of this zonal organization. We have recently demonstrated that in primary human hepatocytes (PHHs), the expression of CYP2E1, CYP1A2, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), but not of CYP3A4, is regulated by the WNT/β-catenin pathway in response to WNT3a, its canonical activator. Here, we investigated whether glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) inhibitors, which mimic the action of WNT molecules, could be used in PHHs to activate the β-catenin pathway to study CYP expression. We assessed the activity of 6BIO (6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime), CHIR99021 (6-((2-((4-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl)amino)ethyl)amino) nicotinonitrile), and GSK3iXV (Pyridocarbazolo-cyclopentadienyl Ruthenium complex GSK3 inhibitor XV) that belong to structurally different families of GSK3β inhibitors. Using small interfering RNAs, reporter gene assays, and molecular docking predictions, we demonstrated that GSK3β inhibitors can activate the WNT/β-catenin pathway in PHHs to regulate CYP2E1 expression. We also found that 6BIO and GSK3iXV are AhR full agonists that participate, through AhR signaling, to CYP1A2 induction. Conversely, CHIR99021 is an AhR partial agonist, and a pregnane X receptor ligand and partial agonist, thus regulating CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 gene expression in a β-catenin-independent manner. In conclusion, GSK3β inhibitors can activate the WNT/β-catenin pathway in PHHs. Nevertheless, their role in CYP regulation should be analyzed with caution as these molecules can interact with xenosensors.
- MeSH
- beta-katenin agonisté antagonisté a inhibitory genetika metabolismus MeSH
- enzymová indukce účinky léků MeSH
- hepatocyty cytologie účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- indoly farmakologie MeSH
- induktory cytochromu P450 chemie metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- inhibitory proteinkinas chemie metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- kinasa 3 glykogensynthasy antagonisté a inhibitory metabolismus MeSH
- kultivované buňky MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
- organokovové sloučeniny farmakologie MeSH
- oximy farmakologie MeSH
- pyridiny farmakologie MeSH
- pyrimidiny farmakologie MeSH
- receptory aromatických uhlovodíků agonisté chemie genetika metabolismus MeSH
- rekombinantní fúzní proteiny chemie metabolismus MeSH
- reportérové geny účinky léků MeSH
- RNA interference MeSH
- signální dráha Wnt účinky léků MeSH
- simulace molekulového dockingu MeSH
- steroidní receptory agonisté genetika metabolismus MeSH
- systém (enzymů) cytochromů P-450 chemie genetika metabolismus MeSH
- transkripční faktory bHLH agonisté chemie genetika metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH