Nanodiamonds (ND), especially fluorescent NDs, represent potentially applicable drug and probe carriers for in vitro/in vivo applications. The main purpose of this study was to relate physical-chemical properties of carboxylated NDs to their intracellular distribution and impact on membranes and cell immunity-activation of inflammasome in the in vitro THP-1 cell line model. Dynamic light scattering, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and microscopic methods were used to characterize ND particles and their intracellular distribution. Fluorescent NDs penetrated the cell membranes by both macropinocytosis and mechanical cutting through cell membranes. We proved accumulation of fluorescent NDs in lysosomes. In this case, lysosomes were destabilized and cathepsin B was released into the cytoplasm and triggered pathways leading to activation of inflammasome NLRP3, as detected in THP-1 cells. Activation of inflammasome by NDs represents an important event that could underlie the described toxicological effects in vivo induced by NDs. According to our knowledge, this is the first in vitro study demonstrating direct activation of inflammasome by NDs. These findings are important for understanding the mechanism(s) of action of ND complexes and explain the ambiguity of the existing toxicological data.
- MeSH
- buněčná membrána účinky léků metabolismus ultrastruktura MeSH
- dynamický rozptyl světla MeSH
- elektronová mikroskopie MeSH
- fluorescence MeSH
- inflamasomy účinky léků imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- intravitální mikroskopie metody MeSH
- kathepsin B imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- konfokální mikroskopie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lyzozomy účinky léků imunologie metabolismus ultrastruktura MeSH
- mikroskopie atomárních sil MeSH
- nanodiamanty aplikace a dávkování chemie MeSH
- pinocytóza MeSH
- protein NLRP3 imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- THP-1 buňky MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Celiac disease (CD) is a gluten-responsive, chronic inflammatory enteropathy. IL-1 cytokine family members IL-1β and IL-18 have been associated with the inflammatory conditions in CD patients. However, the mechanisms of IL-1 molecule activation in CD have not yet been elucidated. We show in this study that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and monocytes from celiac patients responded to pepsin digest of wheat gliadin fraction (PDWGF) by a robust secretion of IL-1β and IL-1α and a slightly elevated production of IL-18. The analysis of the upstream mechanisms underlying PDWGF-induced IL-1β production in celiac PBMC show that PDWGF-induced de novo pro-IL-1β synthesis, followed by a caspase-1 dependent processing and the secretion of mature IL-1β. This was promoted by K+ efflux and oxidative stress, and was independent of P2X7 receptor signaling. The PDWGF-induced IL-1β release was dependent on Nod-like receptor family containing pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) and apoptosis-associated speck like protein (ASC) as shown by stimulation of bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDC) from NLRP3(-/-) and ASC(-/-) knockout mice. Moreover, treatment of human PBMC as well as MyD88(-/-) and Toll-interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor-inducing interferon-β (TRIF)(-/-) BMDC illustrated that prior to the activation of caspase-1, the PDWGF-triggered signal constitutes the activation of the MyD88/TRIF/MAPK/NF-κB pathway. Moreover, our results indicate that the combined action of TLR2 and TLR4 may be required for optimal induction of IL-1β in response to PDWGF. Thus, innate immune pathways, such as TLR2/4/MyD88/TRIF/MAPK/NF-κB and an NLRP3 inflammasome activation are involved in wheat proteins signaling and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of CD.
- MeSH
- adaptorové proteiny vezikulární transportní genetika imunologie MeSH
- celiakie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- gliadin chemie imunologie MeSH
- inflamasomy účinky léků genetika imunologie MeSH
- interleukin-1beta genetika imunologie MeSH
- leukocyty mononukleární účinky léků imunologie patologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mitogenem aktivované proteinkinasy genetika imunologie MeSH
- myši knockoutované MeSH
- myši MeSH
- pepsin A MeSH
- peptidové fragmenty farmakologie MeSH
- primární buněčná kultura MeSH
- protein MyD88 genetika imunologie MeSH
- regulace genové exprese účinky léků imunologie MeSH
- signální transdukce účinky léků genetika imunologie MeSH
- toll-like receptor 2 genetika imunologie MeSH
- toll-like receptor 4 genetika imunologie MeSH
- transportní proteiny genetika imunologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- myši MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH