Organophosphates, useful agents as pesticides, also represent a serious danger due to their high acute toxicity. There is indication that oximes, when administered before organophosphate exposure, can protect from these toxic effects. We have tested at equitoxic dosage (25% of LD01 ) the prophylactic efficacy of five experimental (K-48, K-53, K-74, K-75, K-203) and two established oximes (pralidoxime and obidoxime) to protect from mortality induced by the organophosphate paraoxon. Mortalities were quantified by Cox analysis and compared with those observed after pretreatment with a strong acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (10-methylacridine) and after the FDA-approved pretreatment compound pyridostigmine. All nine tested substances statistically significantly reduced paraoxon-induced mortality. Best protection was conferred by the experimental oxime K-48, reducing the relative risk of death (RR) to 0.10, which was statistically significantly superior to pyridostigmine (RR = 0.31). The other oximes reduced the RR to 0.13 (obidoxime), 0.20 (K-203), 0.21 (K-74), 0.24 (K-75) and 0.26 (pralidoxime), which were significantly more efficacious than 10-methylacridine (RR = 0.65). These data support the hypothesis that protective efficacy is not primarily due to cholinesterase inhibition and indicate that the tested experimental oximes may be considered promising alternatives to the established pretreatment compound pyridostigmine.
- MeSH
- analýza přežití MeSH
- LD50 MeSH
- obidoxim chlorid aplikace a dávkování farmakologie MeSH
- ochranné látky aplikace a dávkování farmakologie MeSH
- paraoxon chemie toxicita MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- pralidoximové sloučeniny aplikace a dávkování farmakologie MeSH
- proporcionální rizikové modely MeSH
- reaktivátory cholinesterasy aplikace a dávkování farmakologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
x
- Klíčová slova
- K378, K458, HI-6,
- MeSH
- antidota aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- atropin aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- chemické bojové látky otrava MeSH
- cholinesterasové inhibitory terapeutické užití MeSH
- kombinovaná farmakoterapie MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- LD50 MeSH
- myši MeSH
- neuroprotektivní látky aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- obidoxim chlorid aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- oximy * aplikace a dávkování chemie MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- pyridinové sloučeniny aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- reaktivátory cholinesterasy aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- sarin * otrava toxicita MeSH
- statistika jako téma MeSH
- testy akutní toxicity * statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
The neuroprotective effects of a novel oxime KR-22934, the oxime K203 and obidoxime in combination with atropine in rats poisoned with tabun at a sublethal dose (200 μg/kg i.m.; 80% LD50) were studied. The tabun-induced neurotoxicity was monitored at 24 h following tabun challenge using a functional observational battery and an automatic measurement of motor activity. The results indicate that all tabun-poisoned rats treated with oximes in combination with atropine were able to survive within 24 h following tabun poisoning. One tabun-poisoned rat without antidotal treatment died within 24 h. The oximes KR-22934 and K203 combined with atropine showed a similar potency to decrease tabun-induced neurotoxicity at 24 h after tabun administration while the neuroprotective efficacy of obidoxime was slightly higher. However, no oxime was able to eliminate tabun-induced neurotoxicity completely. When atropine was administered alone, negligible neuroprotective efficacy was observed. Based on the results, a novel oxime KR-22934 did not bring any improvement of the neuroprotective efficacy of antidotal treatment of acute tabun poisonings.
- MeSH
- atropin aplikace a dávkování terapeutické užití MeSH
- chemické bojové látky * otrava MeSH
- cholinesterasové inhibitory * otrava MeSH
- kombinovaná farmakoterapie MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- neurologické manifestace MeSH
- neurologické vyšetření statistika a číselné údaje veterinární MeSH
- neuroprotektivní látky aplikace a dávkování terapeutické užití MeSH
- obidoxim chlorid aplikace a dávkování terapeutické užití MeSH
- organofosfáty * MeSH
- oximy * aplikace a dávkování terapeutické užití MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- pyridinové sloučeniny * aplikace a dávkování terapeutické užití MeSH
- statistika jako téma MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
x
- Klíčová slova
- asoxime chloride,
- MeSH
- bazální ganglia metabolismus MeSH
- čelní lalok metabolismus MeSH
- hematoencefalická bariéra MeSH
- injekce intramuskulární MeSH
- krevní plazma * chemie MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mozek * metabolismus MeSH
- mozková kůra metabolismus MeSH
- obidoxim chlorid aplikace a dávkování farmakokinetika krev MeSH
- oximy * aplikace a dávkování farmakokinetika krev MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- pyridinové sloučeniny aplikace a dávkování farmakokinetika krev MeSH
- reaktivátory cholinesterasy * aplikace a dávkování farmakokinetika krev MeSH
- vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- vztahy mezi strukturou a aktivitou MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The potency of a novel oxime K203 in reactivating soman-inhibited acetylcholinesterase and reducing acute toxicity of soman was compared with commonly used oximes (HI-6, obidoxime, trimedoxime, methoxime) using in vivo methods. The study determining percentage of reactivation of soman-inhibited blood and tissue acetylcholinesterase in rats showed that the potency of the oxime K203 to reactivate soman-inhibited acetycholinesterase in the peripheral compartment is slightly higher than obidoxime and trimedoxime, especially in the diaphragm, slightly lower than methoxime and markedly lower compared to the oxime HI-6. The reactivating efficacy of the oximes studied in the peripheral compartment roughly corresponds to their potency to reduce acute toxicity of soman in mice. Based on the obtained data, we can conclude that the oxime K203 is not suitable for the replacement of the oxime HI-6 for the antidotal treatment of acute soman poisoning due to its relatively low potency to counteract acute toxicity of soman.
- MeSH
- antidota terapeutické užití MeSH
- atropin krev MeSH
- chemické bojové látky MeSH
- cholinesterasové inhibitory toxicita MeSH
- LD50 MeSH
- myši MeSH
- obidoxim chlorid aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- organofosfáty antagonisté a inhibitory toxicita MeSH
- oximy * aplikace a dávkování chemie terapeutické užití MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- pyridinové sloučeniny aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- reaktivátory cholinesterasy * aplikace a dávkování terapeutické užití MeSH
- soman * toxicita MeSH
- statistika jako téma MeSH
- trimedoxim aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
This study compares the abilities of the newly developed bispyridinium oxime K203 with currently available oximes (HI-6, obidoxime, and trimedoxime) in the reactivation of sarin-inhibited acetylcholinesterase and the reduction of the acute toxicity of sarin. The percentage of reactivation of sarin-inhibited rat blood and tissue acetylcholinesterase was determined in vivo and it was shown that the potency of bispyridinium oxime K203 to reactivate sarin-inhibited acetylcholinesterase roughly corresponds to the relatively low reactivating efficacy of obidoxime and trimedoxime except in the diaphragm where K203 was not effective. On the other hand, the oxime HI-6 was found to be a very efficient reactivator of sarin-inhibited acetylcholinesterase in the peripheral as well as central compartment. The oxime HI-6 was able to reduce the acute toxicity of sarin by more than four times, but the other oximes studied, including K203, decreased the acute toxicity of sarin by less than three times. Based on these results, we can conclude that the reactivating and therapeutic efficacy of the oxime K203 is significantly lower compared to the oxime HI-6 and, therefore, it is not a suitable replacement for the oxime HI-6 in the antidotal treatment of acute sarin poisoning.
- MeSH
- acetylcholinesterasa MeSH
- experimenty na zvířatech MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- injekce intramuskulární MeSH
- klinické hodnocení nového léčiva MeSH
- myši MeSH
- obidoxim chlorid aplikace a dávkování terapeutické užití MeSH
- oximy aplikace a dávkování diagnostické užití terapeutické užití MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- pyridinové sloučeniny aplikace a dávkování terapeutické užití MeSH
- sarin aplikace a dávkování diagnostické užití škodlivé účinky MeSH
- statistika jako téma MeSH
- trimedoxim aplikace a dávkování terapeutické užití MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
The ability of the newly developed bispyridinium compound K203 and its fluorinated analogue KR-22836 to reduce tabun-induced acute neurotoxic signs and symptoms was compared with the currently available reactivator of acetylcholinesterase-obidoxime. Tabun-induced neurotoxicity and the neuroprotective effects of all tested oximes in combination with atropine in rats poisoned with tabun at a sublethal dose (200 μg/kg intramuscularly (i.m.); 80% of LD(50) value) were monitored by a functional observational battery at 24 hr after tabun challenge. The results indicate that all tested oximes combined with atropine were able to survive tabun-poisoned rats 24 hr after tabun challenge while one non-treated tabun-poisoned rat died within 24 hr after tabun poisoning. All tested oximes combined with atropine were able to decrease tabun-induced neurotoxicity in the case of sublethal poisoning but they did not eliminate all tabun-induced acute neurotoxic signs and symptoms. While the ability to reduce tabun-induced acute neurotoxicity of obidoxime and K203 was similar, the neuroprotective efficacy of KR-22836 was slightly higher compared to other tested oximes. Thus, the newly developed fluorinated analogue of K203, called KR-22836, is able to slightly increase the neuroprotective effectiveness of antidotal treatment of acute tabun poisonings compared to K203 and currently available obidoxime.
- MeSH
- akutní nemoc MeSH
- autonomní nervový systém účinky léků MeSH
- chemické bojové látky otrava MeSH
- chování zvířat účinky léků MeSH
- hyperkineze chemicky indukované prevence a kontrola MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- molekulární struktura MeSH
- neuroprotektivní látky aplikace a dávkování chemie terapeutické užití MeSH
- neurotoxické syndromy etiologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- obidoxim chlorid aplikace a dávkování chemie terapeutické užití MeSH
- organofosfáty MeSH
- otrava organofosfáty MeSH
- oximy aplikace a dávkování chemie terapeutické užití MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- pyridinové sloučeniny aplikace a dávkování chemie terapeutické užití MeSH
- svalový tonus účinky léků MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
Tabun belongs to the most toxic nerve agents. Its mechanism of action is based on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition at the peripheral and central nervous systems. Therapeutic countermeasures comprise administration of atropine with cholinesterase reactivators able to reactivate the inhibited enzyme. Reactivation of AChE is determined mostly biochemically without specification of different brain structures. Histochemical determination allows a fine search for different structures but is performed mostly without quantitative evaluation. In rats intoxicated with tabun and treated with a combination of atropine and HI-6, obidoxime, or new oxime K048, AChE activities in different brain structures were determined using biochemical and quantitative histochemical methods. Inhibition of AChE following untreated tabun intoxication was different in the various brain structures, having the highest degree in the frontal cortex and reticular formation and lowest in the basal ganglia and substantia nigra. Treatment resulted in an increase of AChE activity detected by both methods. The highest increase was observed in the frontal cortex. This reactivation was increased in the order HI-6 < K048 < obidoxime; however, this order was not uniform for all brain parts studied. A correlation between AChE activity detected by histochemical and biochemical methods was demonstrated. The results suggest that for the mechanism of action of the nerve agent tabun, reactivation in various parts of the brain is not of the same physiological importance. AChE activity in the pontomedullar area and frontal cortex seems to be the most important for the therapeutic effect of the reactivators. HI-6 was not a good reactivator for the treatment of tabun intoxication.
- MeSH
- acetylcholinesterasa metabolismus MeSH
- atropin MeSH
- čelní lalok účinky léků enzymologie patologie MeSH
- chemické bojové látky toxicita MeSH
- cholinesterasové inhibitory aplikace a dávkování toxicita MeSH
- GPI-vázané proteiny metabolismus MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- LD50 MeSH
- mozek účinky léků enzymologie patologie MeSH
- obidoxim chlorid aplikace a dávkování farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- organofosfáty aplikace a dávkování antagonisté a inhibitory toxicita MeSH
- orgánová specificita MeSH
- oximy aplikace a dávkování farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- pyridinové sloučeniny aplikace a dávkování farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- reaktivátory cholinesterasy aplikace a dávkování farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- retikulární formace účinky léků enzymologie patologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
Oxime reactivators HI-6, obidoxime, trimedoxime, K347 and K628 were investigated as drugs designed for treatment of tabun intoxication. The experiments were performed on rats in order to simulate real conditions. Rats were intoxicated with one LD(50 )of tabun and treated with atropine and mentioned reactivators. Activities of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE), plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and brain AChE were measured as markers of reactivation efficacy. An estimation of low molecular weight antioxidant levels using cyclic voltammetry was the second examination parameter. The evaluation of cholinesterases activity showed good reactivation potency of blood AChE and plasma BChE by commercially available obidoxime and newly synthesized K347. The potency of oximes to reactivate brain AChE was lower due to the poor blood-brain barrier penetration of used compounds. Commercially available reactivator HI-6 and newly synthesized K628 caused oxidative stress measured by cyclic voltammetry as antioxidant level. The oxidative stress provoked by HI-6 and K628 was found to be significant on probability level P = 0.05. The others reactivators did not affect antioxidant levels. Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
- MeSH
- acetylcholinesterasa krev metabolismus MeSH
- antidota aplikace a dávkování chemie terapeutické užití MeSH
- atropin aplikace a dávkování chemie terapeutické užití MeSH
- cholinesterasové inhibitory aplikace a dávkování chemie toxicita MeSH
- injekce intramuskulární MeSH
- kombinovaná farmakoterapie MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- LD50 MeSH
- molekulární konformace MeSH
- molekulová hmotnost MeSH
- mozek metabolismus MeSH
- obidoxim chlorid aplikace a dávkování chemie terapeutické užití MeSH
- organofosfáty aplikace a dávkování chemie toxicita MeSH
- oxidační stres účinky léků MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- pyridinové sloučeniny aplikace a dávkování chemie terapeutické užití MeSH
- reaktivátory cholinesterasy farmakologie chemie MeSH
- testy akutní toxicity MeSH
- trimedoxim aplikace a dávkování chemie terapeutické užití MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- MeSH
- antidota aplikace a dávkování farmakokinetika terapeutické užití MeSH
- arsenikové přípravky škodlivé účinky MeSH
- atropin aplikace a dávkování farmakokinetika terapeutické užití MeSH
- chemická válka prevence a kontrola MeSH
- chemické bojové látky klasifikace škodlivé účinky MeSH
- chemický terorismus prevence a kontrola MeSH
- cholinesterasy aplikace a dávkování farmakokinetika terapeutické užití MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- fysostigmin aplikace a dávkování farmakokinetika terapeutické užití MeSH
- karbamáty aplikace a dávkování farmakokinetika terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- obidoxim chlorid aplikace a dávkování farmakokinetika terapeutické užití MeSH
- organofosfáty škodlivé účinky toxicita MeSH
- propanoly aplikace a dávkování farmakokinetika terapeutické užití MeSH
- sarin škodlivé účinky toxicita MeSH
- takrin aplikace a dávkování farmakokinetika terapeutické užití MeSH
- trihexyfenidyl aplikace a dávkování farmakokinetika terapeutické užití MeSH
- trimedoxim aplikace a dávkování farmakokinetika terapeutické užití MeSH
- yperit škodlivé účinky toxicita MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH