Massive transfusion protocol
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Management pacienta se závažným traumatickým krvácením zahrnuje postupy damage control resuscitation, jejichž součástí je kromě chirurgického řešení krvácení aplikace masivního transfuzního protokolu. Cílem tohoto sdělení je představit masivní transfuzní protokol a vybrané skórovací systémy pro včasnou detekci závažně krvácejících pacientů. Využití standardizovaného protokolu aktivace masivního transfuzního protokolu vede ke snížení letality na vykrvácení a spotřeby transfuzních přípravků v traumacentrech.
The management of severe traumatic bleeding includes damage control resuscitation procedures including, in addition to surgical bleeding control, the application of the massive transfusion protocol. The aim of this paper is to present the massive transfusion protocol and selected scoring systems for an early detection of patients with severe post-traumatic bleeding. The use of a standardized protocol to activate the massive transfusion protocol reduces lethality due to severe traumatic bleeding and the consumption of blood products in trauma centers.
- Klíčová slova
- masivní transfuzní protokol,
- MeSH
- krevní transfuze * metody MeSH
- krvácení etiologie terapie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- resuscitace metody MeSH
- traumatologická centra MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
Krvácení je nejčastější příčinou odvratitelného úmrtí u traumatizovaných pacientů. V článku je souhrn současných poznatků o aplikaci masivního transfúzního protokolu. V závěru je zmíněna současná praxe Oddělení urgentní medicíny FN Hradec Králové.
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- MeSH
- diseminovaná intravaskulární koagulace * etiologie prevence a kontrola terapie MeSH
- hemoragický šok prevence a kontrola terapie MeSH
- krvácení * komplikace MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- převod jednotlivých krevních složek * metody normy MeSH
- ukazatel závažnosti úrazu MeSH
- úrazy a nehody MeSH
- urgentní služby nemocnice MeSH
- vyšetření u lůžka normy MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
Massive bleeding causes approximately 50% of deaths in patients with major trauma. Most patients die within 6 h of injury, which is preventable in at least 10% of cases. For these patients, early activation of the massive transfusion protocol (MTP) is a critical survival factor. With severe trauma, high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB-1, i.e., amphoterin) is released into the blood, and its levels correlate with the development of a systemic inflammatory response, traumatic coagulopathy, and fibrinolysis. Previous work has shown that higher levels of HMGB-1 are associated with a higher use of red blood cell transfusions. We conducted a retrospective analysis of previous prospective single-center study to assess the value of admission HMGB-1 levels in predicting activation of MTP in the emergency department. From July 11, 2019, to April 23, 2022, a total of 104 consecutive adult patients with severe trauma (injury severity score > 16) were enrolled. A blood sample was taken at admission, and HMGB-1 was measured. MTP activation in the emergency department was recorded in the study documentation. The total amount of blood products and fibrinogen administered to patients within 6 h of admission was monitored. Among those patients with massive bleeding requiring MTP activation, we found significantly higher levels of HMGB-1 compared to patients without MTP activation (median [interquartile range]: 84.3 μg/L [34.2-145.9] vs. 21.1 μg/L [15.7-30.4]; p < 0.001). HMGB-1 level showed good performance in predicting MTP activation, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.84 (95% CI 0.75-0.93) and a cut-off value of 30.55 μg/L. HMGB-1 levels correlated significantly with the number of red blood cell units (rs [95% CI] 0.46 [0.28-0.61]; p < 0.001), units of fresh frozen plasma (rs 0.46 [0.27-0.61]; p < 0.001), platelets (rs 0.48 [0.30-0.62]; p < 0.001), and fibrinogen (rs 0.48 [0.32-0.62]; p < 0.001) administered in the first 6 h after hospital admission. Admission HMGB-1 levels reliably predict severe bleeding requiring MTP activation in the emergency department and correlate with the amount of blood products and fibrinogen administered during the first 6 h of hemorrhagic shock resuscitation.Trial registration: NCT03986736. Registration date: June 4, 2019.
- MeSH
- biologické markery krev MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- krevní transfuze * metody MeSH
- krvácení * krev terapie etiologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- prospektivní studie MeSH
- protein HMGB1 * krev MeSH
- rány a poranění * krev terapie komplikace MeSH
- retrospektivní studie MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- skóre závažnosti úrazu MeSH
- urgentní služby nemocnice MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
BACKGROUND: Current guidelines discourage prophylactic plasma use in non-bleeding patients. This study assesses global plasma transfusion practices in the intensive care unit (ICU) and their alignment with current guidelines. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This was a sub-study of an international, prospective, observational cohort. Primary outcomes were in-ICU occurrence rate of plasma transfusion, proportion of plasma events of total blood products events, and number of plasma units per event. Secondary outcomes included transfusion indications, INR/PT, and proportion of events for non-bleeding indications. RESULTS: Of 3643 patients included, 356 patients (10%) experienced 547 plasma transfusion events, accounting for 18% of total transfusion events. A median of 2 (IQR 1, 2) units was given per event excluding massive transfusion protocol (MTP) and 3 (IQR 2, 6) when MTP was activated. MTP accounted for 39 (7%) of events. Indications of non-MTP events included active bleeding (54%), prophylactic (25%), and pre-procedure (12%). Target INR/PT was stated for 43% of transfusion events; pre-transfusion INR/PT or visco-elastic hemostatic assays (VHA) were reported for 73%. Thirty-seven percent of events were administered for non-bleeding indications, 54% with a pre-transfusion INR < 3.0 and 30% with an INR < 1.5. DISCUSSION: Plasma transfusions occurred in 10% of ICU patients. Over a third were given for non-bleeding indications and might have been avoidable. Target INR/PT was not stated in more than half of transfusions, and pre-transfusion INR/PT or VHA was not reported for 27%. Further research and education is needed to optimize guideline implementation and to identify appropriate indications for plasma transfusion.
- MeSH
- jednotky intenzivní péče * MeSH
- krevní plazma * MeSH
- krvácení terapie etiologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- převod jednotlivých krevních složek * MeSH
- prospektivní studie MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- směrnice pro lékařskou praxi jako téma MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- multicentrická studie MeSH
- pozorovací studie MeSH
BACKGROUND: The short shelf-life of fresh platelets limits their efficient inventory management and availability during a massive transfusion protocol. Risk of insufficient availability can be mitigated by building an inventory of cryopreserved platelets (CPs). METHODS: A comparative study of fresh apheresis platelets (FAPs) and CPs was performed. Type-O CPs were processed with DMSO frozen at -80°C and reconstituted in thawed AB plasma. All patients enrolled in the study had the following parameters evaluated on admission: vital signs (body temperature, heart rate, mean arterial pressure), blood count, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen level, and, in trauma patients, international severity score. Several outcomes were evaluated: 30-day survival, adverse events, quantity of administered blood products, fibrinogen concentrate and thromboxane (TXA), and laboratory parameters after transfusion (blood count, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen level). RESULTS: Twenty-five (25) patients in the study group received transfusions totaling 81 units of CPs. Twenty-one (21) patients in the control group received a total of 67 units of FAPs. There were no significant differences in patient characteristics (p > 0.05) between groups. Both groups were comparable in clinical outcomes (30-day survival, administered blood products, fibrinogen concentrate, TXA, and adverse events). Among posttransfusion laboratory parameters, platelet count was higher in the group transfused with FAPs (97.0 ×109 /L) than in the group transfused with CPs (41.5 ×109 /L), p = 0.02025. Other parameters were comparable in both groups. CONCLUSION: The study suggests that CPs are tolerable and a feasible alternative to FAPs. However, larger randomized studies are needed to draw definitive conclusions.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- fibrinogen aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- krvácení * krev mortalita terapie MeSH
- kryoprezervace * MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- parciální tromboplastinový čas MeSH
- polytrauma * krev mortalita terapie MeSH
- protrombinový čas MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- transfuze trombocytů * MeSH
- trombocytaferéza MeSH
- trombocyty * MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- klinické zkoušky MeSH
- pozorovací studie MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
To update readers on recent literature regarding treatment of coagulopathy for patients with life-threatening bleeding, highlighting emerging therapeutic options, controversial topics, and ongoing clinical trials. RECENT FINDINGS: Massive transfusion protocols featuring immediate availability of blood products and multidisciplinary communication reduce mortality and conserve resources. There is a growing consensus that immediate administration of plasma and platelet units in a 1: 1: 1 ratio with red cell units reduces early mortality. Lyophilized and recombinant blood product components may have advantages over traditional blood products in certain clinical circumstances. SUMMARY: Massive transfusion protocols standardize treatment of the coagulopathy of massive bleeding, leading to rapid restoration of hemostasis and decrease in early mortality.
- MeSH
- analýza přežití MeSH
- faktor VIIa terapeutické užití MeSH
- hematokrit MeSH
- hemokoagulace účinky léků MeSH
- hemostatika terapeutické užití MeSH
- homeostáza MeSH
- koagulancia terapeutické užití MeSH
- koagulopatie etiologie farmakoterapie MeSH
- krevní plazma MeSH
- krevní transfuze MeSH
- krvácení etiologie farmakoterapie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- rány a poranění farmakoterapie komplikace MeSH
- rekombinantní proteiny terapeutické užití MeSH
- resuscitace MeSH
- vojenské lékařství MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
Supply of blood for urgent substitution is a strategic logistical problem for the military medical services across the world. The limited shelf life of blood- derived bioproductsin the liquid state and the need for special transport and use conditions, apart from donor and donations availability are among the causes for concern. To solve these problems many national health-care authorities implemented the national emergency blood crisis policy, to get a large amount of blood at any time at any place in the case of disaster, terrorist attack or war. The civil therapeutic problems in immunohematolgy cases can also be solved by stocks of fresh and cryopreserved homologous or autologous blood for patients with rare RBCs antigens or HLA / HPA platelet refractoriness with no chance to use common blood. The short shelf life of fresh platelets limits their efficient inventory management and availability during a massive transfusion protocol. Building an inventory of frozen blood components can mitigate the risk of insufficient availability. Since the beginning of the century in the Czech Republic, used, like other countries, the use of of cryopreserved blood-derived bioproducts has become the current method used to overcome the shortages of a timely supply. The Military University Hospital, Prague, and its bank of cryopreserved blood have been operating under this policy since 2006. There is currently a stock of frozen RBCs for military reserve, for a national blood crisis and, also, a stock of rare RBC units. For crisis management there are also stored, frozen PLTs, which are used in the treatment of heavily bleeding polytrauma patients. Both the containment and research development mitigation policy programs are in place for civil / military emergency situations. Even pathogen reduced frozen PLTs and frozen RBCs were successfully investigated for clinical use if demands arose. Currently, it is possible to meet operational demand while reducing the number of resupply transports and loss of products due to expiration. A lesson has been learned from the current containment, reseach and mitigation programs of efficient blood supply management with cryopreserved blood and blood derived bioproducts.
- MeSH
- erytrocyty metabolismus MeSH
- konzervace krve metody MeSH
- krevní transfuze zákonodárství a právo MeSH
- kryoprezervace metody MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- postup MeSH
- transfuze trombocytů metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Continued hemorrhage remains a major contributor of mortality in massively transfused patients and controversy regarding their optimal management exists. This article reviews recent advances that impact the use and effectiveness of massive transfusion. RECENT FINDINGS: In the past 18 months, nine retrospective studies and three before and after studies have evaluated the implementation of massive transfusion protocols in massively transfused patients receiving more than 10 units of red blood cells (RBCs) within 24 h from arrival. All studies demonstrate that patients receiving a high fresh frozen plasma (FFP):RBC or platelet:RBC ratio have improved survival, with patients receiving both high FFP:RBC and platelet:RBC ratios exhibiting the highest survival rate. When whole blood thrombelastography is used to guide transfusion therapy in massively bleeding patients, an increase in FFP and platelet to RBC ratio is also seen, and this is associated with improved survival. This indicates that thrombelastography is better than conventional coagulation assays to monitor coagulopathy and predict transfusion requirements in massive bleeders. SUMMARY: Implementation of more aggressive hemostatic resuscitation strategies in massively bleeding patients seems reasonable, and optimally, thrombelastography should be used to monitor coagulopathy and guide FFP and platelet transfusions.
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Transfusion, ISSN 0041-1132 Vol. 53, No. 1S, January 2013 Supplement
149 stran : ilustrace ; 28 cm
- MeSH
- krevní transfuze MeSH
- primární prevence MeSH
- resuscitace MeSH
- řízení rizik MeSH
- sekundární prevence MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kongresy MeSH
- sborníky MeSH
- zprávy MeSH
- Konspekt
- Patologie. Klinická medicína
- NLK Obory
- hematologie a transfuzní lékařství
Běžné trombocytové přípravky skladované při teplotě 20–24 °C jsou zatíženy nevýhodou krátké doby použitelnosti, která vylučuje tvorbu větších zásob a ztěžuje logistiku spojenou s jejich přípravou, distribucí a použitím. Dostupnost trombocytů k včasné aplikaci moderního masivního transfuzního protokolu během první „zlaté hodiny“ po vzniku krvácení je často problematická a většina nemocnic si je nemůže dovolit mít kvůli krátké exspiraci a vysoké ceně trvale na skladě. Vhodnou alternativou jsou kryokonzervované trombocyty, které se s úspěchem používají ve vojenském zdravotnictví a v Ústřední vojenské nemocnici – Vojenské fakultní nemocnici Praha, byly do běžné klinické praxe zavedeny v září 2014. V období září 2014 až září 2016 bylo v ÚVN podáno celkem 265 terapeutických dávek (T.D.) trombocytů 90 pacientům se závažným krvácením, z toho 160 T.D. trombocytů z aferézy deleukotizovaných kryokonzervovaných (TADK) 57 pacientům. Byla provedena srovnávací studie s čerstvými nativními trombocyty z aferézy deleukotizovanými (TAD), do které bylo zařazeno 25 pacientů, transfundovaných TADK (celkem 81 T.D.), kontrolní skupinu pak tvořilo 19 pacientů transfundovaných TAD (61 T.D.). Jako čerstvé i pro zmražení byly použity trombocyty z aferézy, deleukotizované, o obsahu trombocytů > 280 x 109/T.D. Mražení trombocytů se provádí při -80 °C v 6% koncentraci dimethylsulfoxidu (DMSO) a po odstranění supernatantu, doba použitelnosti při stejné teplotě skladování je 2 roky. Před použitím se rozmražené trombocyty skupiny 0 rekonstituují v rozmražené plazmě skupiny AB. Pro účely studie jsme u transfundovaných pacientů hodnotili tato kritéria: 1. laboratorní hodnoty (před transfuzí a po ní) – krevní obraz, aktivovaný parciální tromboplastinový čas, protrombinový čas a hladinu fibrinogenu; 2. vitální funkce (před transfuzí a po ní) – tělesná teplota, tepová frekvence a střední arteriální tlak; 3. množství podaných trombocytů, erytrocytů, plazmy, fibrinogenu a tranexamové kyseliny (TXA); 4. klinická data – průměrná procentuální šance přežití pacienta po podání trombocytů a výskyt nežádoucích účinků. U podávaných trombocytových přípravků byla hodnocena jejich koagulační aktivita měřená trombelastograficky. TADK jsou ve srovnání s nativními trombocyty částečně aktivované, s patrnou vyšší prokoagulační aktivitou při redukované maximální pevnosti koagula. Laboratorní data obou skupin pacientů nevykazují signifikantní rozdíly, vyjma počtu trombocytů, které jsou vyšší po transfuzi čerstvých trombocytů. Srovnatelné jsou i výsledky klinických pozorování a spotřeba transfuzních přípravků, fibrinogenu a TXA. Kryokonzervované trombocyty jsou vhodným přípravkem nikoli pouze pro vojenské, ale též pro civilní použití, zejména pro řešení akutních stavů spojených s masivním krvácením. Rozmražení a rekonstituce je jednoduchý proces, který trvá maximálně 30 minut. Kryokonzervace trombocytů může nalézt uplatnění i u dalších aplikací (příprava autologních trombocytů pro transfuzní i netransfuzní použití, příprava vzácných či HLA kompatibilních trombocytů apod.).
Platelets stored at 20–24 °C have a short shelf life. This complicates the logistics of production, distribution and access when required for clinical use. This limitation is especially problematic for emergency and intensive care departments managing massive bleeding. The early and aggressive use of blood products for massive haemorrhage may correct coagulopathy, control bleeding, and improve outcomes. The timely availability of platelets as part of a massive transfusion protocol within the first “golden hour“ after the injury is often problematic. Many hospitals cannot afford to have platelets permanently in stock because of the short shelf life and high price. An alternative solution is a stock of frozen platelets (FP). FP has successfully been used in military medicine. Since September 2014 we have trialed frozen platelets in routine clinical practice. In the period September 2014 – March 2016, we transfused a total of 265 units (therapeutic doses) platelets to 91 patients presenting with heavy bleeding, of that 160 units of FP (to 57 patients). We performed a comparative study with fresh platelets from apheresis (FAP), in which we enrolled 25 patients transfused with a total of 81 FP and 19 patients transfused with total of 61 FAP. As fresh platelets, as well as platelets for freezing, we used apheresis platelets, leucodepleted, with > 280 x 109 thrombocytes/unit. After adding a 6 % DMSO, the supernatant is removed and platelets are frozen at -80 °C and can be stored in such temperature for up to 2 years. Before clinical use, FP (group O) were hawed and reconstituted in a thawed group AB plasma. In the study we evaluated the following criteria: 1. Patient laboratory values (before and after transfusion) – Blood Count, aPTT, PT, Fbg; 2. Patient vital signs (before and after transfusion) – T, P, MAP; 3. Coagulation activity of product – TEG; 4. Number of transfused PLTs, RBCs, FFP; Dosage of fibrinogen concentrate and tranexamic acid; 5. Clinical data – survival, length of stay in ICU. FP were, in comparison with FAP, partially activated: the clot strength measured by TEG with citrated kaolin was reduced, and onset of clotting and a faster clot amplification. There were no significant differences between the two groups for the parameters PT, aPTT, Fbg, Hb and the mean amount of given blood products, fibrinogen and TXA. The amount of the PLT transfused was significantly higher for the group transfused with FAP. Clinical data in both groups did not display any significant differences. Frozen platelets are an alternative not only for military blood banks, but also for civilian blood banks as a solution for urgent orders in connection with heavy bleeding. The thawing and reconstitution is a simple process and takes 30 minutes at most. Frozen platelet provides a cost effective functional platelets product for the management of bleeding and should be considered for wider use in clinical practice, such as preparation of autologous platelets for transfusion as well as non-transfusion use, preparation of rare or HLA compatible platelets, etc.
- Klíčová slova
- kryokonzervované trombocyty,
- MeSH
- bezpečnost krve MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- klinické laboratorní techniky MeSH
- konzervace krve * metody MeSH
- krvácení terapie MeSH
- kryoprezervace * metody MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- randomizované kontrolované studie jako téma MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- separace krevních složek MeSH
- transfuze trombocytů * metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- senioři MeSH