Minimal-atrophy pattern
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At a population level, the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE), the European Helicobacter and Microbiota Study Group (EHMSG), and the European Society of Pathology (ESP) suggest endoscopic screening for gastric cancer (and precancerous conditions) in high-risk regions (age-standardized rate [ASR] > 20 per 100 000 person-years) every 2 to 3 years or, if cost-effectiveness has been proven, in intermediate risk regions (ASR 10-20 per 100 000 person-years) every 5 years, but not in low-risk regions (ASR < 10).ESGE/EHMSG/ESP recommend that irrespective of country of origin, individual gastric risk assessment and stratification of precancerous conditions is recommended for first-time gastroscopy. ESGE/EHMSG/ESP suggest that gastric cancer screening or surveillance in asymptomatic individuals over 80 should be discontinued or not started, and that patients' comorbidities should be considered when treatment of superficial lesions is planned.ESGE/EHMSG/ESP recommend that a high quality endoscopy including the use of virtual chromoendoscopy (VCE), after proper training, is performed for screening, diagnosis, and staging of precancerous conditions (atrophy and intestinal metaplasia) and lesions (dysplasia or cancer), as well as after endoscopic therapy. VCE should be used to guide the sampling site for biopsies in the case of suspected neoplastic lesions as well as to guide biopsies for diagnosis and staging of gastric precancerous conditions, with random biopsies to be taken in the absence of endoscopically suspected changes. When there is a suspected early gastric neoplastic lesion, it should be properly described (location, size, Paris classification, vascular and mucosal pattern), photodocumented, and two targeted biopsies taken.ESGE/EHMSG/ESP do not recommend routine performance of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or positron emission tomography (PET)-CT prior to endoscopic resection unless there are signs of deep submucosal invasion or if the lesion is not considered suitable for endoscopic resection.ESGE/EHMSG/ESP recommend endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for differentiated gastric lesions clinically staged as dysplastic (low grade and high grade) or as intramucosal carcinoma (of any size if not ulcerated or ≤ 30 mm if ulcerated), with EMR being an alternative for Paris 0-IIa lesions of size ≤ 10 mm with low likelihood of malignancy.ESGE/EHMSG/ESP suggest that a decision about ESD can be considered for malignant lesions clinically staged as having minimal submucosal invasion if differentiated and ≤ 30 mm; or for malignant lesions clinically staged as intramucosal, undifferentiated and ≤ 20 mm; and in both cases with no ulcerative findings.ESGE/EHMSG/ESP recommends patient management based on the following histological risk after endoscopic resection: Curative/very low-risk resection (lymph node metastasis [LNM] risk < 0.5 %-1 %): en bloc R0 resection; dysplastic/pT1a, differentiated lesion, no lymphovascular invasion, independent of size if no ulceration and ≤ 30 mm if ulcerated. No further staging procedure or treatment is recommended.Curative/low-risk resection (LNM risk < 3 %): en bloc R0 resection; lesion with no lymphovascular invasion and: a) pT1b, invasion ≤ 500 μm, differentiated, size ≤ 30 mm; or b) pT1a, undifferentiated, size ≤ 20 mm and no ulceration. Staging should be completed, and further treatment is generally not necessary, but a multidisciplinary discussion is required. Local-risk resection (very low risk of LNM but increased risk of local persistence/recurrence): Piecemeal resection or tumor-positive horizontal margin of a lesion otherwise meeting curative/very low-risk criteria (or meeting low-risk criteria provided that there is no submucosal invasive tumor at the resection margin in the case of piecemeal resection or tumor-positive horizontal margin for pT1b lesions [invasion ≤ 500 μm; well-differentiated; size ≤ 30 mm, and VM0]). Endoscopic surveillance/re-treatment is recommended rather than other additional treatment. High-risk resection (noncurative): Any lesion with any of the following: (a) a positive vertical margin (if carcinoma) or lymphovascular invasion or deep submucosal invasion (> 500 μm from the muscularis mucosae); (b) poorly differentiated lesions if ulceration or size > 20 mm; (c) pT1b differentiated lesions with submucosal invasion ≤ 500 μm with size > 30 mm; or (d) intramucosal ulcerative lesion with size > 30 mm. Complete staging and strong consideration for additional treatments (surgery) in multidisciplinary discussion.ESGE/EHMSG/ESP suggest the use of validated endoscopic classifications of atrophy (e. g. Kimura-Takemoto) or intestinal metaplasia (e. g. endoscopic grading of gastric intestinal metaplasia [EGGIM]) to endoscopically stage precancerous conditions and stratify the risk for gastric cancer.ESGE/EHMSG/ESP recommend that biopsies should be taken from at least two topographic sites (2 biopsies from the antrum/incisura and 2 from the corpus, guided by VCE) in two separate, clearly labeled vials. Additional biopsy from the incisura is optional.ESGE/EHMSG/ESP recommend that patients with extensive endoscopic changes (Kimura C3 + or EGGIM 5 +) or advanced histological stages of atrophic gastritis (severe atrophic changes or intestinal metaplasia, or changes in both antrum and corpus, operative link on gastritis assessment/operative link on gastric intestinal metaplasia [OLGA/OLGIM] III/IV) should be followed up with high quality endoscopy every 3 years, irrespective of the individual's country of origin.ESGE/EHMSG/ESP recommend that no surveillance is proposed for patients with mild to moderate atrophy or intestinal metaplasia restricted to the antrum, in the absence of endoscopic signs of extensive lesions or other risk factors (family history, incomplete intestinal metaplasia, persistent H. pylori infection). This group constitutes most individuals found in clinical practice.ESGE/EHMSG/ESP recommend H. pylori eradication for patients with precancerous conditions and after endoscopic or surgical therapy.ESGE/EHMSG/ESP recommend that patients should be advised to stop smoking and low-dose daily aspirin use may be considered for the prevention of gastric cancer in selected individuals with high risk for cardiovascular events.
- MeSH
- biopsie MeSH
- časná detekce nádoru * metody normy MeSH
- gastroskopie * normy MeSH
- hodnocení rizik MeSH
- infekce vyvolané Helicobacter pylori komplikace MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory žaludku * patologie diagnóza terapie MeSH
- prekancerózy * patologie diagnóza terapie MeSH
- společnosti lékařské MeSH
- žaludeční sliznice patologie diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- směrnice pro lékařskou praxi MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Evropa MeSH
... Wang -- 9.9 Hereditary, nutritional, and toxic optic atrophies 890 -- Alfredo A. ... ... Walton -- 10.28 Minimally invasive and nonpenetrating glaucoma surgeries 1133 -- Kevin Kaplowitz, Igor ... ... Shah -- 11.9 Alphabet-pattern strabismus 1221 -- Gory R. Diamond, Raza M. ...
4th ed. xxiii, 1404 s. : il. ; 29 cm
- MeSH
- diagnostické techniky oftalmologické MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- oční nemoci MeSH
- oftalmologické chirurgické výkony MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- Konspekt
- Ortopedie. Chirurgie. Oftalmologie
- NLK Obory
- oftalmologie
- NLK Publikační typ
- kolektivní monografie
BACKGROUND: The default mode network (DMN) decreases its activity when switching from a resting state to a cognitive task condition, while activity of the network engaged in the given task increases. Visual processing is typically disturbed in Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD). OBJECTIVE: Using functional MRI, we studied the DMN effective connectivity patterns in PDD as compared with cognitively normal patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and healthy controls (HC) when switching from baseline to a visual cognitive task condition. METHODS: In all, 14 PDD, 18 PD, and 18 age-matched healthy controls participated in this functional MRI study. We used a psychophysiological interaction analysis with the precuneus (PCu) as a seed. The threshold was set at p(FWE) <0.05. RESULTS: The healthy controls showed greater PCu connectivity with the bilateral middle temporal/middle occipital gyri at baseline than during the task condition. The correlation direction changed from positive to negative. Both PD and PDD showed disturbed DMN connectivity with the brain regions that are involved in bottom-up visual processing. In PD, we also found impaired integration of the areas engaged in the ventral attentional network, which might reflect specific attentional deficits observed during the early course of PD. In mild PDD, we detected increased engagement of areas involved in the dorsal attentional network, which corresponds to increased top-down control in this patient group as compared to the healthy controls. CONCLUSION: Our results show impaired dynamic interplay between large scale brain networks in PD that spread far beyond the motor system.
- MeSH
- atrofie etiologie patologie MeSH
- hyperkinetická porucha etiologie MeSH
- kognitivní poruchy etiologie patologie MeSH
- kyslík krev MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
- mapování mozku MeSH
- modely neurologické MeSH
- nervové dráhy krevní zásobení patologie MeSH
- neuropsychologické testy MeSH
- Parkinsonova nemoc komplikace patologie MeSH
- počítačové zpracování obrazu MeSH
- poruchy zraku etiologie patologie MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- studie případů a kontrol MeSH
- světelná stimulace MeSH
- temenní lalok krevní zásobení patologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Věkem podmíněná makulární degenerace (VPMD) je nejčastější příčinou závažné poruchy centrální zrakové ostrosti jednoho nebo obou očí u lidí nad 50 let. Riziko vzniku VPMD stoupá s věkem. VPMD se vyskytuje ve dvou formách: atrofické, suché, která tvoří asi 90 %, a exsudativní, vlhké, vyskytující se u 10 % pacientů s VPMD. Závažný pokles zraku nastává u jedinců s novotvořenými cévami a geografickou atrofií retinálního pigmentového epitelu (RPE). Rizikovými faktory pro VPMD je pozitivní rodinná anamnéza, kouření cigaret, hypermetropie, světlá barva duhovky, hypertenze, hypercholesterolemie, ženské pohlaví a kardiovaskulární onemocnění. Hlavním rysem suché VPMD jsou drúzy, dále poruchy RPE včetně geografické atrofie a okrsků hyperpigmentace. Několik epidemiologických studií prokázalo pozitivní vztah mezi určitými potravinovými doplňky a snížením rizika VPMD. Podle studie AREDS (Age-Related Eye Disease Study) u nemocných s oboustrannou mírnou suchou VPMD nebo jednostrannou pokročilou formou se při podávání antioxidantů se Zinkem zpomalil pokles zrakové ostrosti (ZO) a progrese k pokročilým stadiím onemocnění ve srovnání s placebem. Hlavním znakem vlhké formy VPMD je přítomnost chorioideální neovaskulární membrány (CNV). Fibrovaskulární komplex může porušit a ničit normální stavbu choriokapiláris, Bruchovu membránu, RPE a fotoreceptory, až vznikne disciformní jizva. Subfoveální CNV je hlavní příčinou závažné poruchy ZO u VPMD. Fluorescenční a indocyaninová angiografie (FA a ICGA) zobrazí dva hlavní typy CNV: klasický a okultní. Optická koherenční tomografie (OCT) je zvláště přínosná, neboť prokáže exsudativní rysy CNV, jako je makulární edém, subretinální tekutina nebo ablace RPE. S nástupem antiangiogenní terapie záskala OCT převahu nad FA při rozhodování o opakovaných aplikacích. Laserová fotokoagulace termálním laserem zůstává účinnou terapií extrafoveálních a některých juxtafoveálních lézí. Fotodynamická terapie (PDT) je dvoustupňový proces, který spočívá v celkovém podání fotosenzibilizující látky s následnou aplikací záření o specifické vlnové délce vyvolávající lokální fotochemickou reakci. Takto vznikající reaktivní molekuly kyslíku mohou poškozením endotelu novotvořených cév způsobit jejich trombózu. FDA (Food and Drug Administration) schválila PDT s verteporfinem pro léčbu očí s převážně klasickou VPMD. Kombinovaná fotodynamická a antiangiogenní léčba poskytla podobné funkční výsledky jako antiangiogenní terapie ale se zřetelně menším počtem aplikací. Angiogeneze je tvorba nových z již existujících cév a je charakterizována kaskádou dějů. Mezi zjištěné aktivátory angiogeneze patří vaskulární endoteliální růstový faktor (VEGF). Většina posledních výzkumů je zaměřena právě na VEGF. Pegaptanib, Macugen váže lidský VEGF 165 s vysokou afinitou a specificitou. Podle studie VISION bylo zjištěno zlepšení ZO o 3 a více řádků ETDRS optotypů u 6 % rok léčených pacientů oproti 2 % u kontrol s placebem. Ranibizumab, Lucentis váže a inhibuje biologickou aktivitu všech aktivních forem VEGF-A a aktivních produktů jejich degradace. Studie Marina prokázala po 12 měsících stabilizaci zrakové ostrosti u 95 % ranibizumabem léčených nemocných ve srovnání s 62 % léčených placebem. Téměř u 40 % ranibizumabem léčených pacientů se ZO zlepšila. Podle studie ANCHOR zůstala zraková ostrost u ranibizumabem rok léčených pacientů zachována nebo se zlepšila v 95 % ve srovnání s 64 % nemocnými léčenými PDT (resp. 90 % a 65,7 % po 24 měsících). Studie MARINA i ANCHOR u CNV u VPMD hodnotily měsíční podávání ranibizumabu, studie PIER hodnotila jeho bezpečnost a účinnost při nejprve třech měsíčních dávkách, pak při kvartálním podávání. Avastin je monoklonální protilátka proti VEGF. Probíhají plánované srovnávací studie bevacizumabu a ranibizumabu. Další antiangiogenní studie ve fázi 3 klinického testování zkoumají např. angiostatický steroid anecortave acetate, VEGF Trap, RNA intererující molekuly, inhibitory tyrosin kinázy. Kombinovaná léčba látkami, které mají různý způsob účinku, může jejich účinek sčítat, zesílit při snížení počtu jednotlivých aplikací. Mezi další léčebné možnosti patří radioterapie, submakulární chirurgie k odstranění subretinálního krvácení a/nebo CNV, přemístění makuly, pneumatické přemístění krvácení a farmakologická léčba. Při jednostranné neovaskulární makulopatii u VPMD je riziko postižení druhého oka velké. Při závažném oboustranném snížení ZO lze funkční schopnosti nemocného zlepšit pomocí zrakové rehabilitace a speciálních optických pomůcek.
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of severe central visual acuity loss in 1 or both eyes in people over 50 years of age. The risk of AMD increases with age. Prevalence of the disease is about 90 % nonexudative, dry AMD, and 10 % neovascular, exsudative, wet AMD. Severe visual loss from AMD usually occurs in individuals with neovascular abnormalitis or subfoveal geographic atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Risk factors for AMD include positive family history, cigarette smoking, hyperopia, light iris color, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, female gender and cardiovascular disease. The hallmark of nonneovascular (nonexsudative) form of AMD is drusen, other indicators are abnormalities of the RPE, including geographic atrophy and areas of hyperpigmentation. Several epidemiologic studies have demonstrated positive associations between certain micronutritients and decreased risk of AMD. According AREDS (Age-Related Eye Disease Study) patients with bilateral, intermediate, dry AMD or unilateral advanced AMD benefited from antioxidant and zinc supplementation with respect to reduced rates of progresion to advanced AMD and vision loss from AMD compared with the placebo group. The hallmark of the neovascular form of AMD is the presence o CNV. The fibrovascular complex can disrupt and destroy the normal architecture of choriocapillaris, Bruch´s membrane, and the RPE and photoreceptors leading to the formation of disciforme scar. CNV in the fovea is the major cause of severe central visual loss in AMD. Two major patterns of CNV are seen on fluorescein angiography (FA) and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA): classic CNV and occult. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is particularly useful in showing the exsudative features of CNV, such as macular edema, subretinal fluid and pigment epithelial detachment. With the advent of antiangiogenesis therapy, OCT has taken a larger role than FA in re-treatment decisions concerning additional injections. Laser photocoagulation (thermal laser) remains a proven therapy for extrafoveal and some juxtafoval lesions. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a two step process that entails the systemic administration of photosensitizing drug followed by an application of light of a particular wavelength to the affected tissue to incite a localised photochemical reaction. This reactions generates reactive oxygen species that can lead to capillary endothelial cell damage and vessel thrombosis. FDA approved PDT with verteporfin for eyes with predominantly classic CNV and AMD. Combination therapy with PDT and antiangiogenesis treatments is being explored that may offer visual gains similar to those from antiangiogenesis treatments but with considerably lower treatment rates. Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels from existing vessels and is characterized by a complex cascade of events. The successful execution of this cascade requires the carefully interplay of growth-promoting and growth-inhibiting angiogenic factors. Identified activators of angiogenesis include vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The majority of recent research has focused on VEGF. Pegaptanib, Macugen binds human VEGF 165 with high affinity and specificity according the VISION study visual gain of 3 or more lines was seen in 6 % of treated patients versus 2 % of controle patients at 1 year. Ranibizumab, Lucentis binds to and inhibits the biologic activity of all active forms of VEGF-A and their active degradation products. The MARINA study demonstrated, that 95 % of ranibizumab-treated patients experienced visual improvement or stabilization compared with 62 % of sham-treated patients after 12 months. More important, almost 40 % of ranibizumab-treated patients experienced visual improvement of 15 letters or more compared with sham-treated patients. ANCHOR study reported that approximately 95 % of ranibizumab- treated patients maintained or improved vision compared with 64 % of patients treated with PDT after 12 months, (90 % resp. 65,7 % after 24 months). Both the MARINA and ANCHOR studies evaluated monthly ranibizumab dosing, the PIER study evaluated the efficacy and safety of ranibizumab adminstreted monthly for 3 months and then quarterly in patients with subfoveal CNV secondary to AMD. Several other antiangiogenic studies are in phase 3, clinical testing, including an angiostatic steroid, anecortave acetate, VEGF Trap, RNA interfering molecules, or tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Bevacizumab, Avastin is monoclonal antibody versus VEGF. Aditional studies evaluating bevacizumab and ranibizumab are being planned. Combination therapy with agents that have different modes of action may have the potential for additive or synergistic effects. In general, combination therapy maximizes the strengths and minimizes the weaknesses of individual medications. Other treatment modalities are radiotherapy, submacular surgery to remove subretinal blood and/or the CNV, macular translocation, pneumatic displacement of hemorrhagies and pharmacologic therapies. The fellow eye of an individual with unilateral neovascular maculopathy is at high risk of developing CNV.When central vision in both eyes is significatly affected by AMD, the patient´s functional abilities may be improved through low vision rehabilitation and use of optical and nonoptical devices.
- MeSH
- antioxidancia terapeutické užití MeSH
- fluoresceinová angiografie metody MeSH
- glukokortikoidy terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- makulární degenerace diagnóza farmakoterapie klasifikace MeSH
- monoklonální protilátky terapeutické užití MeSH
- neovaskularizace choroidey farmakoterapie MeSH
- potravní doplňky využití MeSH
- vaskulární endoteliální růstový faktor A antagonisté a inhibitory MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
... uptake. 13 -- Lung 13 -- Extracardiac thoracic uptake, nonpulmonary 14 -- Abnormal great vessel flow patterns ... ... intracranial sinuses -- Radionuclide accumulation within the lateral ventricles -- Scintigraphic pattern ... ... the subarachnoid spaces over the convexities and parasagittal areas: the subarachnoid space block pattern ... ... Shunt evaluation by intrathecal radionuclide administration 48 -- 18 Ventriculography -- Normal patterns ... ... uptake outside the adrenals 81 -- PART VI GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM -- 26 Salivary Glands -- Normal pattern ...
A publication of the Society of nuclear medicine
250 stran ; 26 cm