The adverse impact of adjacent contours on letter visual acuity is known as crowding but there is conflicting evidence that foveal crowding may be reduced or disappears under low contrast conditions. Potential differences in foveal crowding with contrast on clinical measurements of visual acuity, including test-retest repeatability, were assessed. Visual acuity was measured at the fovea on adult participants with normal vision under three different contrast levels (- 90, - 10 and - 5%). Three rows of 5 letters, each row differing in size by 0.05 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) from largest to smallest were displayed at the center of a monitor. Crowding was varied by varying the separation between horizontally adjacent letters from 100% optotype size to 50%, 20% and 10% optotype size. Inter-row spacing was proportional to optotype size. Observers read the letters on the middle row only. Measurements continued by reducing the size of the letters until 3 or more errors were made and were repeated on two separate days. Visual acuity worsened as both letter contrast decreased and inter-optotype separation reduced (expressed as a percentage of letter width). When expressed in minutes of arc of separation the impact of crowding was the same across all contrasts. Crowding occurs for both high and low contrast charts and should be considered when assessing low contrast visual acuity. Test-retest repeatability showed little or no dependence on either contrast or inter-optotype separation.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• fovea centralis * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• zraková ostrost MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

In the present study, we analyzed the morphology of three genetic types of the bird-infecting acanthocephalan Polymorphus cf. minutus (PspT1, PspT2, PspT3), mainly based on the cystacanth-stage obtained from amphipods (Gammarus fossarum, Gammarus pulex, Gammarus roeselii, Echinogammarus spp.). Males and females were pooled as there was no considerable difference between the sexes concerning the hook measurements. Additionally, we conducted a laboratory infection of one domestic duck for each Polymorphus type, to compare their performance and localization in this host species, and to obtain adult specimens for morphological comparison. The recovery rate from the ducks 4 weeks after infection was 16% for PspT1, 23.8% for PspT2, and 25% for PspT3. The adult worms were gravid, and the females contained mature eggs. Hook size did not differ considerably between cystacanths and adults of the respective type. The three Polymorphus types could be distinguished based on the cystacanth stage by a linear discriminant analysis that included hook measurements, proboscis length, proboscis width, and number of longitudinal hook rows and hooks per row. Furthermore, PspT3 was more different from PspT1 and PspT2 than the latter types from each other. Mainly the number of longitudinal hook rows differed in PspT3 from the existing descriptions of P. minutus (mainly 14 vs. mainly 16 rows). Potentially, PspT3 could be a non-indigenous parasite that was introduced with G. roeselii and that adapted to use the indigenous G. pulex as a host, while PspT2 might have been introduced to central Europe together with Echinogammarus spp.

• MeSH
• Acanthocephala anatomie a histologie   klasifikace   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Amphipoda parazitologie   MeSH
• buněčná diferenciace MeSH
• helmintózy zvířat parazitologie   patologie   MeSH
• interakce hostitele a parazita MeSH
• kachny parazitologie   MeSH
• ptáci MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• systém R, R software,
• MeSH
• automatizované zpracování dat MeSH
• software MeSH
• statistika jako téma MeSH
• Publikační typ
• monografie MeSH
• příručky MeSH

• Konspekt
• Kombinatorika. Teorie grafů. Matematická statistika. Operační výzkum. Matematické modelování
• NLK Obory
• statistika, zdravotnická statistika

• MeSH
• databáze jako téma MeSH
• počítače MeSH
• software MeSH
• Publikační typ
• příručky MeSH

• Konspekt
• Počítačová věda. Výpočetní technika. Informační technologie
• NLK Obory
• knihovnictví, informační věda a muzeologie
• technika

BACKGROUND: The next-generation Watchman FLX left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) device has: (1) an atraumatic closed distal end, (2) reduced height, (3) a recessed screw hub to decrease device-related thrombus (DRT), (4) two rows of J-shape anchors so redeployment is possible after full recapture, and (5) ability to treat a greater size range of LAA ostia. OBJECTIVE: To report, for the first time, the feasibility and safety of intracardiac echocardiography (ICE)-guided Watchman FLX implantation. METHODS: A single-center prospective registry of atrial fibrillation patients planned for LAAC with the FLX device underwent ICE-guided implantation with conscious sedation. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) imaging was done preprocedure (to assess LAA size and exclude thrombus) and at clinical follow-up at 6-12 weeks. Clinical outcomes were LAA closure success, complications, leak, or DRT on follow-up TEE and major safety events. RESULTS: The study included 30 patients: age 75 ± 8 years, 53% men, CHA2 DS2 -VASc 4.6 ± 1.6, and HAS-BLED 3.4 ± 1.1. The primary indication was prior bleeding in 60% (72% GI bleeding). The LAA orifice width and length were 22.7 ± 3.1 and 25.7 ± 5.7 mm, respectively. Technical success was 100% (the first-choice device was used in 28 of 30). Procedure time was less than 30 min in 27 of 30 cases, with 36 ± 15 ml contrast used. The final device size was 29.2 ± 4.7 mm with 21.6 ± 4.5% compression. There were no procedure-related complications. Follow-up TEE at a median 47 days follow-up showed 100% device success with no DRT or peridevice leak ≥5 mm. Major safety events occurred in 6.6% (2/30). CONCLUSION: The Watchman FLX device can be safely implanted with intraprocedural ICE imaging instead of TEE.

• MeSH
• cévní mozková příhoda * MeSH
• echokardiografie transezofageální MeSH
• fibrilace síní * diagnostické zobrazování   chirurgie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• síňové ouško * diagnostické zobrazování   chirurgie   MeSH
• srdeční katetrizace škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• informatika MeSH
• software MeSH
• Publikační typ
• příručky MeSH

• Konspekt
• Programování. Software
• NLK Obory
• technika

To report on the surgical treatment of intra-articular calcaneal fractures by open reduction and internal fixation with a calcaneal locking compression plate (LCP) from an extended lateral approach, and to retrospectively analyze the mid-term results in a group of patients treated by this technique. MATERIAL: In the period from August 2005 till March 2007, a total of 49 patients with 61 calcaneal fractures were treated. Of these, 11 (18 %) were treated conservatively. Reduction combined with Kirschner-wire fixation was used in four fractures (6.6 %). Open reduction with internal calcaneal LCP fixation (ORIF- calcaneal LCP) from an extended lateral approach was carried out to treat 46 fractures (75.4 %) in 38 patients. The group evaluated here comprised 29 patients with 33 calcaneal fractures treated by ORIF-calcaneal LCP at a follow-up longer than 6 months. The fractures were classified on the basis of computer tomography (CT) findings as Sanders types I to IV. The group had two woman (6.9 %) and 27 men (93.1 %) with an average age of 34.2 years (range, 19-55 years). In 11 fractures (33.3 %), the primary treatment included filling a central cancellous bone defect area. Calcium phosphate bone substitute material (resorbable ChronOS) was used in nine cases (27.3 %), a self-solidifying hydroxyapatite implant was injected in two (6.1 %) cases (X3 Wright and Norian SRS, respectively), and a bone allograft was implanted in one case (3 %). METHODS: Indicated for surgery were patients with an intra-articular calcaneal fracture, Sanders type II or type III, with articular surface displacement by more than 1 mm. Contraindications included age over sixty years, poor cooperation, smoking habits, peripheral vascular disease or skin infection. Surgery was performed only after oedema had resolved. The aim of our treatment was to achieve anatomical reconstruction of all articular surfaces, to restore the height, length, width and axis of the heel bone, to carry out primary stable osteosynthesis, and to enable the patient to begin rehabilitation with early mobilization.A passive rehabilitation usually started on the first post-operative day, and full weight-bearing of the extremity was allowed not earlier than 3 months post-operatively. Regular check-ups were at 6 weeks, 3, 6 and 12 months and then every year. The mid-term results were evaluated by the system of Rowe et al., scoring rest pain, possibility of return to preinjury jobs, use of walking aids, restriction of physical activity and limping. RESULTS The most frequent cause of injury was a fall or jump from height; this was recorded in 27 patients (93.1 %). An open fracture was diagnosed on two occasions (6.9 %). Bilateral calcaneal fractures were found in six patients (20.7 %); four (13.8 %) were treated by bilateral ORIF-calcaneal LPC and two (6.9 %) underwent closed reduction on one and Kirschnerwire transfixation on the other extremity. A combined injury to the musculoskeletal system was diagnosed in 11 patients (38 %), in whom four (13.8 %) had a tibial pylon fracture of the contralateral limb and four (13.8 %) had a thoracolumbar spine fracture. The surgical procedure was performed on average within 11.7 days of injury, and the average hospital stay was 18.2 days (range, 6 to 18 days). Early post-operative complications were recorded in six patients (20.7 %). Wound dehiscence was found in two (6.9 %), necrosis of wound edges in two (6.9 %), and early superficial infection responding to antibiotic therapy also in two patients (6.9 %). Deep infection, non-union or post-operative compartment syndrome were not recorded. Excellent Rowe scores were achieved in 10 patients (34.5 %), good in 15 (51.7 %) and satisfactory in two (6.9 %). Only two patients (6.9 %) reported poor outcome. DISCUSSION: The methods of classification and treatment of calcaneal fractures continue to be a frequently discussed topic. The technique of ORIF-calcaneal LCP from an extended lateral approach has recently been preferred for patients with displaced Sanders type II or III calcaneal fractures. In agreement with other literature references, this approach allowed us to observe the fracture, to reduce both the subtalar and calcaneocuboid articulations, to stabilize the fracture by internal fixation and to begin early rehabilitation. Because of the risk of early complications, the timing of surgery and a thorough consideration of indications and contraindications are of principal importance.We agree with other authors that filling calcaneal bone defects is not necessary. Pre- and post-operative CT scans are necessary. In accordance with literature data, fractures developing compartment syndrome are indicated for urgent fasciotomy and ORIF-calcaneal LCP should be postponed. In patients with multiple trauma and also in those with open calcaneal fractures, a temporary stabilization with an external fixator medially is performed first, and then converted to a second-stage, ORIF-LCP procedure. CONCLUSIONS: The surgical treatment of displaced intra-articular fractures that involves open reduction from an extended lateral approach and internal fixation with a calcaneal LCP shows very good preliminary results. A CT examination is required for the diagnosis and classification of fractures and a correct indication for surgery. Good timing is of principal importance. An urgent surgical intervention is necessary in open fractures or in those in which soft tissues are squashed by bone fragments. In the other fractures, surgery is carried out after oedema subsidence. Foot compartment syndrome is a serious complication of calcaneal fractures and urgent fasciotomy is the only adequate therapy. Full weight-bearing of the operated extremity depends on the rate of bone healing; it is usually allowed at 3 months after surgery.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• fraktury kostí chirurgie   MeSH
• kostní destičky MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• patní kost chirurgie   radiografie   zranění   MeSH
• vnitřní fixace fraktury metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• SPSS Base 8.0,

• Konspekt
• Lékařské vědy. Lékařství
• NLK Obory
• lékařská informatika

• Klíčová slova
• SPSS,

• Konspekt
• Lékařské vědy. Lékařství
• NLK Obory
• lékařská informatika