Mechanisms responsible for the integration of perceptual events and appropriate actions (sensorimotor processes) have been subject to intense research. Different theoretical frameworks have been put forward with the "Theory of Event Coding (TEC)" being one of the most influential. In the current study, we focus on the concept of 'event files' within TEC and examine what sub-processes being dissociable by means of cognitive-neurophysiological methods are involved in voluntary event coding. This was combined with EEG source localization. We also introduce reward manipulations to delineate the neurophysiological sub-processes most relevant for performance variations during event coding. The results show that processes involved in voluntary event coding included predominantly stimulus categorization, feature unbinding and response selection, which were reflected by distinct neurophysiological processes (the P1, N2 and P3 ERPs). On a system's neurophysiological level, voluntary event-file coding is thus related to widely distributed parietal-medial frontal networks. Attentional selection processes (N1 ERP) turned out to be less important. Reward modulated stimulus categorization in parietal regions likely reflecting aspects of perceptual decision making but not in other processes. The perceptual categorization stage appears central for voluntary event-file coding.
- MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Cognition physiology MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Models, Neurological * MeSH
- Reward * MeSH
- Task Performance and Analysis * MeSH
- Computer Simulation MeSH
- Somatosensory Cortex physiology MeSH
- Information Storage and Retrieval methods MeSH
- Volition physiology MeSH
- Visual Perception physiology MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
... Chapter 3 Linguistic Units 30 -- Description of the speech event — Phonetics — Articulatory, acoustic ... ... of communication, receiver -- — ‘Bit’ as unit of information — Continuous variation and discrete events ... ... -- — Capacity of communication — Classifying processes in speech perception -- — Liberman’s motor theory ... ... speech perception — Disturbance of speech perception through masking noise — Competition of speech events ... ... Chapter 11 The Conditioning Theory of Meaning : Its Achievement, Weakness and Further Development -- ...
xii, 377 s. : tab., grafy ; 23 cm
- MeSH
- Psycholinguistics MeSH
- Publication type
- Monograph MeSH
- Conspectus
- Lingvistika. Jazyky
- NML Fields
- psychologie, klinická psychologie
- lingvistika, lékařská terminologie
The nature of neural codes is central to neuroscience. Do neurons encode information through relatively slow changes in the firing rates of individual spikes (rate code) or by the precise timing of every spike (temporal code)? Here we compare the loss of information due to correlations for these two possible neural codes. The essence of Shannon's definition of information is to combine information with uncertainty: the higher the uncertainty of a given event, the more information is conveyed by that event. Correlations can reduce uncertainty or the amount of information, but by how much? In this paper we address this question by a direct comparison of the information per symbol conveyed by the words coming from a binary Markov source (temporal code) with the information per symbol coming from the corresponding Bernoulli source (uncorrelated, rate code). In a previous paper we found that a crucial role in the relation between information transmission rates (ITRs) and firing rates is played by a parameter s, which is the sum of transition probabilities from the no-spike state to the spike state and vice versa. We found that in this case too a crucial role is played by the same parameter s. We calculated the maximal and minimal bounds of the quotient of ITRs for these sources. Next, making use of the entropy grouping axiom, we determined the loss of information in a Markov source compared with the information in the corresponding Bernoulli source for a given word length. Our results show that in the case of correlated signals the loss of information is relatively small, and thus temporal codes, which are more energetically efficient, can replace rate codes effectively. These results were confirmed by experiments.
... Research Problems 86 Nursing Practice 87 Researcher and Peer Interactions 88 Literature Review 88 Theory ... ... Affecting the Development of Ethical Codes and Regulations 191 Nazi Medical Experiments 192 Nuremberg ... ... Code 192 -- Contents XV -- Declaration of Helsinki 192 Taskegee Syphilis Study 193 Willowbrook Study ... ... 404 Evidence of Validity from Prediction of Concurrent Events 404 Successive Verification of Validity ... ... 473 Probability Theory 474 Decision Theory and Hypothesis Testing 474 Inference 475 The Normal Curve ...
4th ed. xx, 840 s. : il.
Background: Medical informatics is regarded as a scientific discipline dealing with theory and practice of information processes in medicine, comprising data communication by information and communication technologies (ICT), with computers as an especially important ICT. It means Medical informatics history can be stated connected with the beginnings of computer usage in medicine. Objective: The aim of this reviewe was to describe most important facts about historical backgrounds of development of Health/ Medical/Biomedical informatics based on facts searched through systematic scientific literature. Methods: Author used descriptive method for explanation history of medical informatics based on published facts in the scientific literature deposited in online databases. Results and discussion: The development of medical informatics began in the 1950’s of 20th century, when the earliest reference to applications of electronic digital computers in medicine appeared. Historical facts in this article reflect on the development of the discipline of Medical informatics that is now part of all medical disciplines of all health professionals. Applications of computer and information technologies in all segments of society and knowledge of information technology is now part of general literacy. The classical way to present a “history” is to list major events in chronological order, with more or less detailed comments about the persons, ideas or events. A distinction between periods brings a systematization flavor, easing the comments. Conclusion: During last 70 years Biomedical informatics became one of the most prominent biomedical disciplines included in almost all other academic and scientific medical disciplines.
... Chromosomes 255 Chapter 12 Transcription and RNÁ Processing 292 Chapter 13 Translation and the Genetic Code ... ... Transfer RNAs 332 Translation: The Synthesis of Polypeptides Using mRNA Templates 337 The Genetic Code ... ... Code 346 Initiation and Termination Codons 349 A Degenerate and Ordered Code 350 A Nearly Universal ... ... Code 351 Codon-tRNA Interactions 352 -- Recognition of Codons by tRNAs: -- The Wobble Hypothesis 352 ... ... and Population Genetics 775 Darwin\'s Theory of Evolution 775 Population Genetics 776 The Theory of ...
2nd ed. xviii, 876 s. : il.
... Physiology of the Motor Unit 326 Size Principles and Recruitment 326 Twitch Characteristics 327 -- Rate Coding ... ... Electrical Activity at the Endplate 434 Miniature Endplate Potential 434 -- Events Related to Nerve Action ... ... Field Theory 480 -- Near-Field versus Far-Field Potential 480 Animal and Fluman Studies 481 Concept of ...
4th ed. xxix, 1146 s. : il., tab. ; 26 cm + 1 CD-ROM
- MeSH
- Electrodiagnosis methods MeSH
- Electromyography MeSH
- Spinal Cord Diseases diagnosis MeSH
- Neural Conduction physiology MeSH
- Synaptic Transmission physiology MeSH
- Neuromuscular Diseases diagnosis MeSH
- Conspectus
- Patologie. Klinická medicína
- NML Fields
- neurologie
- diagnostika
- NML Publication type
- kolektivní monografie
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The centromere drive theory explains diversity of eukaryotic centromeres as a consequence of the recurrent conflict between centromeric repeats and centromeric histone H3 (CenH3), in which selfish centromeres exploit meiotic asymmetry and CenH3 evolves adaptively to counterbalance deleterious consequences of driving centromeres. Accordingly, adaptively evolving CenH3 has so far been observed only in eukaryotes with asymmetric meiosis. However, if such evolution is a consequence of centromere drive, it should depend not only on meiotic asymmetry but also on monocentric or holokinetic chromosomal structure. Selective pressures acting on CenH3 have never been investigated in organisms with holokinetic meiosis despite the fact that holokinetic chromosomes have been hypothesized to suppress centromere drive. Therefore, the present study evaluates selective pressures acting on the CenH3 gene in holokinetic organisms for the first time, specifically in the representatives of the plant genus Luzula (Juncaceae), in which the kinetochore formation is not co-localized with any type of centromeric repeat. METHODS: PCR, cloning and sequencing, and database searches were used to obtain coding CenH3 sequences from Luzula species. Codon substitution models were employed to infer selective regimes acting on CenH3 in Luzula KEY RESULTS: In addition to the two previously published CenH3 sequences from L. nivea, 16 new CenH3 sequences have been isolated from 12 Luzula species. Two CenH3 isoforms in Luzula that originated by a duplication event prior to the divergence of analysed species were found. No signs of positive selection acting on CenH3 in Luzula were detected. Instead, evidence was found that selection on CenH3 of Luzula might have been relaxed. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that holokinetism itself may suppress centromere drive and, therefore, holokinetic chromosomes might have evolved as a defence against centromere drive.
- MeSH
- Centromere genetics MeSH
- Chromosomes, Plant genetics MeSH
- Phylogeny MeSH
- Genome, Plant genetics MeSH
- Histones genetics MeSH
- Magnoliopsida genetics MeSH
- Meiosis genetics MeSH
- Sequence Analysis, DNA MeSH
- Sequence Alignment MeSH
- Selection, Genetic genetics MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
... 400 -- An Overall View 402 -- Selected Readings 402 -- References 402 -- Part V Perception -- 21 Coding ... ... Sensory Modality Is Determined by the Stimulus Energy 414 -- Modality is Encoded by a Labeled Line Code ... ... in the Photoreceptors 510 -- Phototransduction Results From a Three-Stage Cascade of Biochemical Events ... ... Emotion Prepare the Body for Action and Communicate Our Emotional States to Other People 983 -- A Theory ... ... Meditating Both the Cognitive and Peripheral Aspects of Emotion 984 -- According to the Schächter Theory ...
4th ed. xxxiii, 1414 s. : il., tab., grafy ; 30 cm
- MeSH
- Behavior MeSH
- Molecular Biology MeSH
- Nervous System Diseases MeSH
- Nervous System MeSH
- Neurochemistry MeSH
- Neurophysiology MeSH
- Neurons MeSH
- Neurosciences MeSH
- Publication type
- Monograph MeSH
- Conspectus
- Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie
- NML Fields
- neurovědy
- biologie
... Conclusions 94 -- 3 Conversational implicature 97 -- 3-0 Introduction 97 -- 3-1 Grice’s theory of implicature ... ... Semantic presupposition 199 -- 4.4.2 Pragmatic theories of presupposition 204 -- 4-5 Conclusions 225 ... ... -- 5-5 Indirect speech acts: a problem for Thesis and -- Antithesis 263 -- 5-6 The context-change theory ... ... of speech acts 276 -- 5-7 Beyond theories of speech acts 278 -- 6 Conversational structure 284 -- 6.0 ... ... , 7, 29-32, 59, 76 of a semantic theory, 30, 204 grammar, overall theory of, 8, 9, 12, 29, 33, 129-30 ...
Cambridge textbooks of linguistics
15th ed. xvi, 420 s.
