Tato studie shrnuje teoretická vysvětlení vazbové hierarchie. Podle evoluční perspektivy se v situaci ohrožení sebe či vazbových osob aktivuje vazbové chování k tomu, aby bylo dosaženo blízkosti a emoční opory u vazbových osob, což jsou v raném dětství pečovatelé a později dále ve vývoji partneři. I když empirické studie využívají pro zkoumání v raném dětství a dále ve vývoji různých metod (pozorování a sebeposuzovací metody), je uvedený teoretický předpoklad podložen konzistentně empirickými výsledky od raného dětství až do dospělosti. Vazbová hierarchie je v rámci výzkumu aktuálním výzkumným tématem a k jeho řešení přispívají významně i studie tuzemské provenience. Bylo zjištěno, že vazbové preference partnerů u mladých dospělých jsou vzájemně propojeny s preferencemi pro přátele, ale nikoli s preferencemi rodičů. Závěrečné práce českých studentů přinesly zjištění týkající se hierarchie citové vazby u specifických populací s využitím vzorků účastníků vykonávajících vysoce riziková povolání, starších dospělých a mladých drogově závislých dospělých. Závěr studie nastínil směry budoucího výzkumu. Existuje jen omezený počet studií zkoumajících podkategorie vazbové hierarchie, úlohu přátel při přechodu z dětství do dospělosti a důsledky odchylek od normativních vzorců v rozvoji vazbové hierarchie.

This review summarized theoretical explanations on attachment hierarchy. Drawing upon the evolutionary perspective, during emergency situations for self and attachment figures, people activate their behaviors to seek closeness and emotional support toward their attachment figures who are the caregivers in infancy and young childhood and the romantic partner in older childhood and beyond. Although empirical studies use different methods between studies for infants and young children and studies for older children and beyond (observational and self-report methods, respectively), this theoretical idea has been supported consistently from infancy to adulthood. In addition, authors highlighted that attachment hierarchy is a timely research topic in attachment research, and Czech studies have been contributing to the research field. Specifically, authors demonstrated that young adults’ romantic preferences were interdependent with their friend preferences but not with their parental preferences. Czech students’ theses demonstrated unique attachment hierarchies in special populations, employing samples of participants with life-threatening jobs, older adults, and young adults with drug problems. Finally, authors focused on future research directions. There is only a limited number of studies exploring subcategories of attachment hierarchy, roles of friends during the transition from childhood to adulthood, and outcomes of deviation from normative patterns of attachment hierarchy development.

• MeSH
• Child MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Interpersonal Relations * MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Marriage MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Family Relations MeSH
• Social Interaction classification   MeSH
• Intergenerational Relations MeSH
• Parent-Child Relations MeSH
• Check Tag
• Child MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Publication type
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Review MeSH

Using 212 adolescents from a central-European country (mean age = 14.02, SD = 2.05, ranged from 11 to 18 years; females = 54%) and a multi-informant method to measure adolescents' behavioral and emotional adjustments, the present study explored three aspects regarding the attachment hierarchy. (1) The three types of behavioral systems of Rosenthal and Kobak's important people interview (IPI) were initially validated using an exploratory factor analysis with a US sample. Using a confirmatory factor analysis with a Czech sample, we replicated these three behavioral systems: attachment bond, support seeking, and affiliation. (2) We found that adolescents who developed attachment bond to multiple primary attachment figures were likely to score lower on both teacher-rated and parent-rated internalizing problems compared to those who had a single primary attachment figure. These multiple primary attachment figures tended to be family members (not peers). (3) Early adolescents who placed parents low in their attachment hierarchy scored higher on self-reported negative affect and lower on self-reported positive affect compared to early adolescents who placed parents high. The present study highlights multiple (vs. single) primary attachment figures as a protective factor and the premature reorganization of attachment hierarchy as a risk factor for adolescents' emotional and affective adjustments.

• MeSH
• Adolescent Behavior psychology   MeSH
• Child MeSH
• Emotions MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Object Attachment * MeSH
• Parents psychology   MeSH
• Social Adjustment MeSH
• Parent-Child Relations * MeSH
• Check Tag
• Child MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

V poslední době je zvýšen zájem o zkoumání citové vazby a její hierarchie u různých populačních skupin dospělých osob a souvisejících biopsychosociálních aspektech. Cílem této studie je zjistit, jak citová vazba, sociální opora po návratu a dále stresující události na misi predikují výskyt somatizačních tendencí u českých kombatantů. Dalším cílem studie je zjistit, zda se mezi vazbovými osobami kombatantů vyskytují kolegové ze zahraničních misí. Výzkum byl realizován na souboru 71 českých kombatantů, kteří se zúčastnili alespoň jedné zahraniční vojenské mise. Pro sběr dat byly využity metody Experience in Close Relationship-Relationship Structures (ECR-RS), Post-Deployment Support a The Combat Experience Scale z Deployment Risk and Resilience Inventory, zkrácená verze SCL-90 a metoda WHOTO. Výsledky ukazují, že vazbová úzkostnost a sociální opora po návratu jsou statisticky významnými prediktory somatizačních tendencí. Druhým zjištěním tohoto výzkumu je, že mezi vazbovými osobami kombatantů se dle předpokladu objevují kolegové z mise. Zjištění této studie mohou sloužit jako zdroj při tvorbě intervenčních programů pro tuto populaci.

In the past few years there has been an increase in research interest of attachment and its hierarchy with related biopsychosocial phenomena through different population groups of adults. The first aim of this study is first to probe how the attachment, the post-deployment support and the combat experience influence somatization tendencies of the Czech combatants. The second aim of this study is to probe whether colleagues from deployment can be found among attachment figures of soldiers. The research was realized via questionnaire survey among 71 Czech combatants, who were at least once deployed. The applied methods were Experience in Close Relationship-Relationship Structures (ECR-RS), Post-Deployment Support and The Combat Experience Scale from Deployment Risk and Resilience Inventory, a short form of SCL-90 and WHOTO. The results show that the attachment anxiety and the post-deployment support significantly predict the somatization tendencies. The second result of this study shows that colleagues from deployment appear among combatant´s at­tachment figures. The results could serve as the source for developing an intervention programme.

• MeSH
• Adaptation, Psychological classification   MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Emotional Adjustment classification   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Object Attachment MeSH
• Stress, Psychological complications   MeSH
• Psychosocial Support Systems MeSH
• Regression Analysis MeSH
• Military Family psychology   MeSH
• Social Support MeSH
• Veterans * MeSH
• Veterans Health classification   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Publication type
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

Do one's hierarchical preference for attachment support from a particular person over other people (attachment hierarchy) and his/her discomfort with closeness and uneasiness about being dependent on that particular person (attachment avoidance) inversely overlap? These two constructs have been distinctly conceptualized. Attachment hierarchy has been regarded as a normative characteristic of attachment relationships, while attachment avoidance has been considered to reflect an individual difference of relationship quality. Employing bifactor analyses, we demonstrated a unidimensional general factor of these two concepts in four studies exploring Czech young adults' relationships with mother, father, friends, and romantic partner (Study 1); U.S. young adults' relationships with a romantic partner (Study 2); Czech adolescents' relationships with mother, father, and friends (Study 3); and Japanese young adults' relationships with mother, father, and romantic partner (Study 4). These convergent results provide the replicable and generalizable evidence that one's attachment avoidance toward a particular person and her/his placement of that particular person in the attachment hierarchy are inversely overlapping.

• MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Interpersonal Relations MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Longitudinal Studies MeSH
• Mothers psychology   MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Courtship psychology   MeSH
• Fathers psychology   MeSH
• Friends psychology   MeSH
• Object Attachment * MeSH
• Surveys and Questionnaires MeSH
• Parent-Child Relations MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

The glycan code of glycoproteins can be conceptually defined at molecular level by the sequence of well characterized glycans attached to evolutionarily predetermined amino acids along the polypeptide chain. Functional consequences of protein glycosylation are numerous, and include a hierarchy of properties from general physicochemical characteristics such as solubility, stability and protection of the polypeptide from the environment up to specific glycan interactions. Definition of the glycan code for glycoproteins has been so far hampered by the lack of chemically defined glycoprotein glycoforms that proved to be extremely difficult to purify from natural sources, and the total chemical synthesis of which has been hitherto possible only for very small molecular species. This review summarizes the recent progress in chemical and chemoenzymatic synthesis of complex glycans and their protein conjugates. Progress in our understanding of the ways in which a particular glycoprotein glycoform gives rise to a unique set of functional properties is now having far reaching implications for the biotechnology of important glycodrugs such as therapeutical monoclonal antibodies, glycoprotein hormones, carbohydrate conjugates used for vaccination and other practically important protein-carbohydrate conjugates.

• MeSH
• Biotechnology methods   MeSH
• Glycoproteins biosynthesis   chemistry   metabolism   MeSH
• Glycosylation MeSH
• Carbohydrate Conformation MeSH
• Molecular Sequence Data MeSH
• Oligosaccharides chemistry   metabolism   MeSH
• Organic Chemistry Phenomena MeSH
• Polysaccharides chemical synthesis   chemistry   metabolism   MeSH
• Carbohydrate Sequence MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Review MeSH

• MeSH
• DNA genetics   MeSH
• Genetic Phenomena MeSH
• Genome MeSH
• Genes physiology   MeSH
• Proteins genetics   MeSH
• RNA genetics   MeSH
• Publication type
• Monograph MeSH

• Conspectus
• Obecná genetika. Obecná cytogenetika. Evoluce
• NML Fields
• genetika, lékařská genetika

• Keywords
• ošetřovatelství,

• NML Fields
• ošetřovatelství

• MeSH
• Cell Biology MeSH
• Molecular Biology MeSH
• Publication type
• Monograph MeSH

• Conspectus
• Biochemie. Molekulární biologie. Biofyzika
• NML Fields
• biologie
• cytologie, klinická cytologie