avoidable mortality
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- Konspekt
- Lékařské vědy. Lékařství
- NLK Obory
- demografie
- statistika, zdravotnická statistika
- NLK Publikační typ
- publikace WHO
STUDY OBJECTIVE: To analyse international variations of trends in "avoidable" mortality (1980-1997). DESIGN: A multilevel model was used to study trends in avoidable and "non-avoidable" mortality and trends by cause of death. SETTING: Fifteen countries of the European Union, the Czech Republic, and Hungary. PARTICIPANTS: 19 avoidable causes of death among men and women aged 0-64 years. Mortality and population data were derived from the WHO mortality database; and perinatal mortality rates, from the Health for All statistical database. MAIN RESULTS: Avoidable mortality declined (1980-1997) in all the countries except Hungary. The difference between the trends in avoidable and non-avoidable mortality was small (-2.4% compared with -1.5%) and diminished over time. The largest trend variations between countries are attributable to causes mainly or partly amenable to prevention. For five of the 19 causes of death the international variations diminished over time. Various countries show trends that deviate significantly (p<0.003) from the mean trend. CONCLUSIONS: One explanation for the small and diminishing difference between avoidable and non-avoidable mortality is that some large avoidable causes show unfavourable trends. Another possible explanation is that the category of non-avoidable mortality is "polluted" by causes that have become avoidable with time. It is therefore suggested that Rutstein's lists of avoidable outcomes (1976) be updated to enable the appropriate monitoring of healthcare effectiveness. In countries that show unfavourable developments for specific avoidable causes, further research must unravel the causes of these trends.
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- Evropská unie statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- kvalita zdravotní péče trendy MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mortalita trendy MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- příčina smrti MeSH
- sběr dat MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- multicentrická studie MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Maďarsko MeSH
BACKGROUND Post-communist health care reforms and the break-up of Czechoslovakia have been studied from various perspectives, but little research has addressed the impact on health system performance. This paper investigates the quality and performance of the Slovak and Czech health systems before and after 1989, including the year of separation in 1993, using the concept of 'avoidable' mortality. METHODS Age-standardized mortality rates for mortality from 'avoidable' and other (non-avoidable) causes have been calculated through indirect standardization to study national and regional trends between 1971 and 2008. RESULTS The paper shows that 'avoidable' mortality in both countries has been continuously decreasing while mortality from other causes has remained unchanged or increased slightly. For some 'avoidable' conditions, mortality rates of the two countries converge while for others divergence can be observed, with either the Czech Republic or Slovakia performing better. CONCLUSION Declines in overall 'avoidable' mortality suggest improvements in the health system's performance and quality of care in both countries, compared with mortality from other causes where factors outside the control of the health care system may be stronger determinants. For conditions where 'avoidable' mortality rates stagnate or increase, more in-depth research should be carried out to identify problems in the delivery of timely and effective prevention and treatment, and to establish steps that would reduce the numbers of unnecessary deaths.
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- poskytování zdravotní péče normy MeSH
- předčasná smrt trendy MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- příčina smrti MeSH
- ukazatele kvality zdravotní péče * MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Slovenská republika MeSH
OBJECTIVE: Alcohol use is one of the ten most common risk factors threatening global health that is avoidable (ranked fifth after smoking). It is involved in high rates of liver cirrhosis, epilepsy, hypertension, cerebrovascular and mental illness. Negative consequences of family and social drinking are also very significant. The aim of the study is to quantify the gender and age-differentiated disparities in alcohol-related mortality in the population over 16 years between the years 1996-2017 in Slovakia. METHODS: We used data from mortality reports within 1996-2017 provided by the National Health Information Centre in the Slovak Republic. We applied two-dimensional correspondence analysis where dimensions are age and chosen causes of deaths induced by use of alcohol and classified by the International Classification of Diseases. RESULTS: In case of males, we found that K74 - Fibrosis and cirrhosis of liver diagnosis almost perfectly corresponds to age 66-75 years, and we documented strong correspondence between K70 - Alcoholic liver disease and age 46-55 years. For females, the most robust finding is that K70 - Alcoholic liver disease corresponds relatively similarly with age groups 26-35, 36-45, 46-55. The results of the analysis allow us to obtain a detailed overview of the development of mortality in individual alcohol diagnoses and their intervention in individual age groups by gender. Mortality for some diagnoses affects the young female as well as male population. We observed that there are systematic differences in alcohol-induced mortality between males and females. CONCLUSIONS: In such development of the alcohol-related mortality structure, the priority remains the permanent provision of primary, secondary and tertiary prevention at the individual and population level. The results of our analysis represent a valuable platform for health and social policymakers to develop quality national and regional health strategies aimed at eliminating the consequences of alcohol use. Lessons learned from our analysis will be supported by our other geographically oriented analytical lines to link identified and quantified regional disparities in the mortality of alcohol diagnoses to the availability of health care to treat these diseases.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mortalita trendy MeSH
- poruchy způsobené alkoholem mortalita MeSH
- rozložení podle pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- věkové rozložení MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Slovenská republika MeSH
Free farrowing pens (pens) improve the welfare of sows but may increase sow activity and negatively influence piglet production. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of pens and crates on sow postural changes, piglet trapping, sow responses to piglet screams, piglet mortality, and piglet BW gain. It was predicted that provision of greater space (in pens) would increase not only the frequency of sow postural changes and the probability of trappisng but also sow responses to the screams of piglets; thus, the outcome would be no differences in fatal piglet crushing or overall mortality between the housing systems. Sows were randomly moved to either a farrowing pen (n = 20) or farrowing crate (n = 18). Sow behavior was recorded and analyzed for 72 h from the birth of the first piglet (BFP). Sow postural changes included rolling from a ventral to lateral position and vice versa and going from standing to sitting, standing to lying, and sitting to lying. Occurrences of piglet trapping and sow responsiveness to real crushing situations were analyzed. Sow responsiveness was assessed in response to audio playbacks (PB) of piglet screams on d 3 postpartum (48 to 72 h after BFP; PB crush calls) and real piglet crushing during the first 72 h after BFP (real crush calls). Piglet BW gain was estimated 24 h after BFP, piglet BW was recorded at weaning, and piglet crushing and piglet mortality were recorded during the 72 h after BFP. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED and PROC GENMOD of SAS. Sows in pens showed more postural changes (P = 0.04) and tended to have greater incidences of piglet trapping (P = 0.07) than those in crates. Sow response to PB crush calls was greater in pens (P = 0.04) but did not differ for real crush calls between pens and crates (P = 0.62). There was no effect on the probability of piglet crushing (P = 0.38) and mortality (P = 0.41) during the 72 h after BFP nor in piglet mortality at weaning (P = 0.81) between pens and crates. Piglet BW gain at 24 h after BFP (P = 0.01) and piglet BW at weaning (P = 0.02) were greater in pens. Sows in pens showed more postural changes and tended to trap more piglets; however, the response to real crush calls did not differ between the two housing systems. Despite this, there was no increase in piglet crushing or mortality in pens, which might be influenced by the better piglet body condition observed in pens, which in turn could influence their ability to avoid crushing by the sow.
- MeSH
- bydlení zvířat MeSH
- chování zvířat MeSH
- mortalita MeSH
- novorozená zvířata růst a vývoj psychologie MeSH
- postura těla MeSH
- prasata růst a vývoj fyziologie psychologie MeSH
- vokalizace zvířat * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
In terms of population development, the area of the former Soviet Union is one of the few parts in the world which, despite significant progress in medicine, has not shown a general trend of improvement in mortality rates over the last 20 years. In the case of Russia, there was a significant variation in mortality rates, which was mainly caused due to increase in mortality among middle-aged men. On the other hand Czech Republic is an example of the state where along with the change of the political system a significant improvement in mortality conditions can be seen. This paper aims to compare the development of mortality in Russia and the Czech Republic since 1980 and apply the concept of avoidable mortality on the data for these two countries. Analysis of avoidable and unavoidable mortality will be presented using multi-dimensional charts. Analysis of avoidable mortality could also help to point out possible deficiencies in health care system in both countries.
- MeSH
- kvalita zdravotní péče * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mortalita * MeSH
- statistika jako téma MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Rusko MeSH
Schizophrenia is a devastating disorder affecting 1 % of the world's population. An important role in the study of this disease is played by animal models. Since there is evidence that acute psychotic episodes can have consequences on later cognitive functioning, the present study has investigated the effects of a single systemic application of higher doses of (+)MK-801 (3 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg) to adult male Long-Evans rats from the Institute's breeding colony on delayed testing in the active place avoidance task with reversal on the Carousel (a rotating arena). Besides significant mortality due to the injections, a disruption of procedural functions in active place avoidance, after the dose 5 mg/kg was observed. It was concluded that Long-Evans rats from our breeding colony do not represent a suitable biomodel for studying the effects of single high-dose NMDA antagonists.
- MeSH
- antagonisté excitačních aminokyselin aplikace a dávkování toxicita MeSH
- dizocilpinmaleát aplikace a dávkování toxicita MeSH
- kognitivní poruchy chemicky indukované psychologie MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- potkani Long-Evans MeSH
- psychomotorický výkon účinky léků MeSH
- reverzní učení účinky léků MeSH
- toxické psychózy psychologie MeSH
- učení vyhýbat se účinky léků MeSH
- úniková reakce účinky léků MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The health impact attributable to climate change has been identified as one of the priority areas for impact assessment. The main goal of this paper is to estimate the monetary value of one key health effect, which is premature mortality. Specifically, our goal is to derive the value of a statistical life from people's willingness to pay for avoiding the risk of dying in one post-transition country in Europe, i.e., the Czech Republic. We carried out a series of conjoint choice experiments in order to value mortality risk reductions. We found the responses to the conjoint choice questions to be reasonable and consistent with the economic paradigm. The VSL is about EUR 2.4 million, and our estimate is comparable with the value of preventing a fatality as used in one of the integrated assessment models. To investigate whether carrying out the survey through the internet may violate the welfare estimate, we administered our questionnaire to two independent samples of respondents using two different modes of survey administration. The results show that the VSLs for the two groups of respondents are €2.25 and €2.55 million, and these figures are statistically indistinguishable. However, the key parameters of indirect utility between the two modes of survey administration are statistically different when specific subgroups of population, such as older respondents, are concerned. Based on this evidence, we conclude that properly designed and administered on-line surveys are a reliable method for administering questionnaires, even when the latter are cognitively challenging. However, attention should be paid to sampling and choice regarding the mode of survey administration if the preference of specific segments of the population is elicited.
- MeSH
- chování snižující riziko MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- hodnota života ekonomika MeSH
- internet MeSH
- klimatické změny ekonomika MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- postoj MeSH
- předčasná smrt * MeSH
- průzkumy a dotazníky normy MeSH
- sběr dat metody MeSH
- výběrové chování MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- hodnotící studie MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Na kardiovaskulární a nádorová onemocnění u nás umírá denně nejméně o 60 osob více než v sousednímu Rakousku a Německu. Z většiny průmyslově vyspělých zemích je bezpečně známo, že výskyt a úmrtí na tato onemocnění lze snížit včasnou diagnostikou a moderní léčbou, a zejména zdravým životním stylem. Lze toho dosáhnout zdravotní výchovou a především vytvořením podmínek k usnadnění zdravého chování. Je tedy nutné získat politiky a s jejich pomocí celospolečenskou podporu a pochopení.
