Two experiments were carried out to study the competition for adsorption between trace elements (TEs) and nutrients following the application of nano-maghemite (NM) (iron nano-oxide; Fe2O3) to a soil solution (the 0.01molL(-1) CaCl2 extract of a TEs-contaminated soil). In the first, the nutrients K, N, and P were added to create a set of combinations: potential availability of TEs during their interaction with NM and nutrients were studied. In the second, response surface methodology was used to develop predictive models by central composite design (CCD) for competition between TEs and the nutrients K and N for adsorption onto NM. The addition of NM to the soil solution reduced specifically the concentrations of available As and Cd, but the TE-adsorption capacity of NM decreased as the P concentration increased. The CCD provided more concise and valuable information, appropriate to estimate the behavior of NM sequestering TEs: according to the suggested models, K(+) and NH4(+) were important factors for Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na, and Zn adsorption (Radj(2)=95%, except for Zn with Radj(2)=87%). The obtained information and models can be used to predict the effectiveness of NM for the stabilization of TEs, crucial during the phytoremediation of contaminated soils.
A combined modeling and spectroscopic approach is used to describe Cd(II), Cr(VI), and Pb(II) adsorption onto nanomaghemite and nanomaghemite coated quartz. A pseudo-second order kinetic model fitted the adsorption data well. The sorption capacity of nanomaghemite was evaluated using a Langmuir isotherm model, and a diffuse double layer surface complexation model (DLM) was developed to describe metal adsorption. Adsorption mechanisms were assessed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Pb(II) adsorption occurs mainly via formation of inner-sphere complexes, whereas Cr(VI) likely adsorbs mainly as outer-sphere complexes and Cd(II) as a mixture of inner- and outer-sphere complexes. The simple DLM describes well the pH-dependence of single adsorption edges. However, it fails to adequately capture metal adsorption behavior over broad ranges of ionic strength or metal-loading on the sorbents. For systems with equimolar concentrations of Pb(II), Cd(II), and Cr(VI). Pb(II) adsorption was reasonably well predicted by the DLM, but predictions were poorer for Cr(VI) and Cd(II). This study demonstrates that a simple DLM can describe well the adsorption of the studied metals in mixed sorbate-sorbent systems, but only under narrow ranges of ionic strength or metal loading. The results also highlight the sorption potential of nanomaghemite for metals in complex systems.
- MeSH
- Adsorption MeSH
- Chromium chemistry MeSH
- Photoelectron Spectroscopy MeSH
- Cadmium chemistry MeSH
- Kinetics MeSH
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration MeSH
- Quartz chemistry MeSH
- Nanostructures chemistry MeSH
- Lead chemistry MeSH
- Osmolar Concentration MeSH
- X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy MeSH
- Models, Theoretical * MeSH
- Ferric Compounds chemistry MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
In this research, the adsorption of two herbicides, alachlor (ALA) and terbuthylazine (TBA), on granular activated carbon (GAC) in the presence of well-characterized peptide fraction of cellular organic matter (COM) produced by cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa was studied. Two commercially available GACs were characterized using nitrogen gas adsorption and surface charge titrations. The COM peptides of molecular weight (MW) < 10 kDa were isolated and characterized using MW fractionation technique and high-performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC). The effect of surface charge on the adsorption of COM peptides was studied by means of equilibrium adsorption experiments at pH 5 and pH 8.5. Electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding proved to be important mechanisms of COM peptides adsorption. The adsorption of ALA and TBA on granular activated carbon preloaded with COM peptides was influenced by solution pH. The reduction in adsorption was significantly greater at pH 5 compared to pH 8.5, which corresponded to the increased adsorption of COM peptides at pH 5. The majority of the competition between COM peptides and both herbicides was attributed to low molecular weight COM peptides with MW of 700, 900, 1300 and 1700 Da.
- MeSH
- Acetamides analysis chemistry MeSH
- Adsorption MeSH
- Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis chemistry MeSH
- Charcoal chemistry MeSH
- Herbicides analysis chemistry MeSH
- Kinetics MeSH
- Microcystis chemistry MeSH
- Waste Disposal, Fluid methods MeSH
- Peptides chemistry MeSH
- Surface Properties MeSH
- Triazines analysis chemistry MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- MeSH
- Adsorption MeSH
- Arboviruses immunology MeSH
- Cholesterol MeSH
- Cats MeSH
- Brain MeSH
- Antibodies analysis MeSH
- Cattle MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Cats MeSH
- Cattle MeSH
- Animals MeSH
Sorption of pharmaceuticals, which can occur in soils, may differ when present in a soil solution as a single compound or in a solution with other pharmaceuticals. Therefore, the sorption isotherms described by the Freundlich equations were evaluated for 6 compounds, which were applied in solutions of a single pharmaceutical, two pharmaceuticals or all pharmaceuticals to seven soils. Study mainly focused on a behavior of fexofenadine and irbesartan that occurred in soils in 3 forms (cationic, zwitter-ionic or neutral, anionic). Sorption of both compounds slightly increased (in some soils) when applied together, largely increased when applied with carbamazepine (neutral), and extremely increased when applied in solutions with citalopram (strongly sorbed cation), which could be explained by a cooperative multilayer sorption on soil constituents. On the other hand, sorption of both compounds moderately decreased when applied with clindamycin (cation and neutral) or sulfamethoxazole (neutral or anion). The magnitude of an increase or decrease in the Freundlich sorption coefficient (KF) for a particular compound depended on soil conditions, a form of compound's molecule and its interaction with molecules of other compounds. Despite sorption being influenced by other compound(s) in solution, the KF coefficients evaluated for a particular compound under the different conditions were mostly correlated with the same soil properties: KF,CAR with an organic carbon content, KF,CIT and KF,CLI with a base cation saturation, KF,SUL with hydrolytic acidity, and KF,FEX and KF,IRB with sorption complex saturation.
Increasing the dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) is a key strategy used for improving their oral bioavailability. One of the formulation approaches is API loading to mesoporous carrier particles, which can increase the dissolution rate through the combination of improved powder wettability and dispersion, higher surface area, and API conversion from crystalline to the amorphous state. From the formulation process point of view, the maximum achievable drug loading is a crucial parameter, which depends on the loading method. Drug loading by sorption from a solution is a technologically attractive approach, since it involves familiar unit operations (mixing, filtration, drying). However, the success of the equilibrium sorption approach depends on the choice of the solvent. In this work we present an experimental study of loading efficiency to mesoporous silica particles, based on a set of 10 APIs combined with 6 different solvents at a range of concentrations. We show that due to the competitive nature of the adsorption process, the solvent with the highest API solubility is not necessarily the best candidate for maximising the API loading. Based on the investigated drug-solvent combinations, we show that the dielectric constant of the solvent is a good predictor of loading efficiency and can be used as a general guideline for solvent selection. On the other hand, we did not find any systematic correlation between commonly measured API properties such as logP and their loading efficiency.
- MeSH
- Adsorption MeSH
- Chemistry, Pharmaceutical methods MeSH
- Technology, Pharmaceutical methods MeSH
- Crystallization MeSH
- Pharmaceutical Preparations administration & dosage chemistry MeSH
- Drug Carriers chemistry MeSH
- Silicon Dioxide chemistry MeSH
- Porosity MeSH
- Solvents chemistry MeSH
- Solubility MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
The aim of our study was to compare the sorption properties of a contaminated soil before and after two types of phytoremediation (natural phytoextraction vs. phytostabilization with dolomite limestone (DL) application). Soil from a pot experiment in controlled greenhouse conditions performed for two vegetation periods was used for the study. Lead, as the main contaminant in the studied soil, was easily desorbed by Cu, especially due to the increased affinity of Cu for soil organic matter; hence input of Cu to the studied soil can present another environmental risk in soils contaminated with other metals (such as Pb). In addition, the sorption behavior of chosen metals from single-element solutions differed from multielement solutions. The obtained results proved the different sorption behavior of metals in the single-element solution compared to the multi-element ones. Soil sorption behavior of Cd, Cu, and Zn decreased with the presence of the competitive metals; nevertheless, Pb sorption potential was not influenced by other competitive metals. Natural phytoextraction showed no significant effect on the sorption of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn onto the soil On the other hand, phytostabilization associated with DL application improved the soil sorption efficiency of all chosen metals, especially of Cu.
- MeSH
- Adsorption MeSH
- Biodegradation, Environmental MeSH
- Cadmium chemistry metabolism MeSH
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration MeSH
- Soil Pollutants chemistry metabolism MeSH
- Copper chemistry metabolism MeSH
- Lead chemistry metabolism MeSH
- Soil chemistry MeSH
- Metals, Heavy chemistry metabolism MeSH
- Zinc chemistry metabolism MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
