With the advent rise is in urbanization and industrialization, heavy metals (HMs) such as lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) contamination have increased considerably. It is among the most recalcitrant pollutants majorly affecting the biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem like human well-being, animals, soil health, crop productivity, and diversity of prokaryotes (bacteria) and eukaryotes (plants, fungi, and algae). At higher concentrations, these metals are toxic for their growth and pose a significant environmental threat, necessitating innovative and sustainable remediation strategies. Bacteria exhibit diverse mechanisms to cope with HM exposure, including biosorption, chelation, and efflux mechanism, while fungi contribute through mycorrhizal associations and hyphal networks. Algae, especially microalgae, demonstrate effective biosorption and bioaccumulation capacities. Plants, as phytoremediators, hyperaccumulate metals, providing a nature-based approach for soil reclamation. Integration of these biological agents in combination presents opportunities for enhanced remediation efficiency. This comprehensive review aims to provide insights into joint action of prokaryotic and eukaryotic interactions in the management of HM stress in the environment.
- MeSH
- Bacteria * metabolismus účinky léků MeSH
- biodegradace * MeSH
- Eukaryota metabolismus účinky léků MeSH
- houby metabolismus MeSH
- kadmium * metabolismus toxicita MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu * metabolismus MeSH
- olovo * metabolismus toxicita MeSH
- rostliny mikrobiologie metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
During production of γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH), thousands of tons of other isomers were synthesized as byproducts, and after dumping represent sources of contamination for the environment. Several microbes have the potential for aerobic and anaerobic degradation of HCHs, and zero-valent iron is an effective remediation agent for abiotic dechlorination of HCHs, whereas the combination of the processes has not yet been explored. In this study, a sequence of anoxic/oxic chemico-biological treatments for the degradation of HCHs in a real extremely contaminated soil (10-30 g/kg) was applied. Approximately 1500 kg of the soil was employed, and various combinations of reducing and oxygen-releasing chemicals were used for setting up the aerobic and anaerobic phases. The best results were obtained with mZVI/nZVI, grass cuttings, and oxygen-releasing compounds. In this case, 80 % removal of HCHs was achieved in 129 days, and 98 % degradation was achieved after 1106 days. The analysis of HCHs and their transformation products proved active degradation when slight accumulation of the transformation product during the anaerobic phase was followed by aerobic degradation. The results document that switching between aerobic and anaerobic phases, together with the addition of grass, also created suitable conditions for the biodegradation of HCHs and monochlorobenzene/benzene by microbes.
Heavy metal toxicity is one of the most devastating abiotic stresses. Heavy metals cause serious damage to plant growth and productivity, which is a major problem for sustainable agriculture. It adversely affects plant molecular physiology and biochemistry by generating osmotic stress, ionic imbalance, oxidative stress, membrane disorganization, cellular toxicity, and metabolic homeostasis. To improve and stimulate plant tolerance to heavy metal stress, the application of biostimulants can be an effective approach without threatening the ecosystem. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine), a biostimulator, plant growth regulator, and antioxidant, promotes plant tolerance to heavy metal stress by improving redox and nutrient homeostasis, osmotic balance, and primary and secondary metabolism. It is important to perceive the complete and detailed regulatory mechanisms of exogenous and endogenous melatonin-mediated heavy metal-toxicity mitigation in plants to identify potential research gaps that should be addressed in the future. This review provides a novel insight to understand the multifunctional role of melatonin in reducing heavy metal stress and the underlying molecular mechanisms.
- MeSH
- antioxidancia metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- ekosystém MeSH
- fyziologický stres fyziologie MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu metabolismus MeSH
- melatonin metabolismus farmakologie fyziologie MeSH
- oxidace-redukce MeSH
- oxidační stres účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- průmyslová hnojiva MeSH
- půda chemie MeSH
- regulátory růstu rostlin metabolismus MeSH
- rostliny účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- těžké kovy metabolismus toxicita MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Widely used conazole fungicides (CFs) belong to the most frequently detected pesticides in Central European arable soils. However, data on their environmental behaviour and bioavailability to soil organisms are surprisingly scarce. In the present laboratory microcosm study prochloraz, tebuconazole, epoxiconazole and flusilazole were applied to 12 different agricultural soils at background levels. Bioaccumulation to earthworm E. andrei and lettuce L. sativa roots and leaves was evaluated in non-aged (biota exposure after addition of pesticides) and aged (exposure started three months later) systems. In contrast with expectations from ageing effect (decrease of bioavailability), bioaccumulation in E. andrei was both reduced and enhanced after ageing depending on soil properties. The reduction of bioaccumulation correlated positively to the percentage of clay but negatively to soil organic matter. The affinity of compost worm E. andrei towards organic matter where hydrophobic pesticide molecules are sorbed is discussed as a possible explanation. An apparent effect of ageing (reduction of bioavailability) was particularly observed in lettuce roots, where bioaccumulation was significantly reduced in time. However, bioaccumulation in leaves changed ambiguously in aged variants among CFs, possibly as a combined result of bioconcentration, dilution by plant growth and metabolism. This study brings first insights into how the bioaccumulation of conazole fungicides is affected by sequestration in agricultural soils. The results indicate that in complex systems, the ageing is not necessarily connected with decrease of bioaccumulation.
- MeSH
- bioakumulace MeSH
- biologická dostupnost MeSH
- epoxidové sloučeniny MeSH
- jíl MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu analýza metabolismus MeSH
- Oligochaeta metabolismus MeSH
- pesticidy analýza MeSH
- průmyslové fungicidy analýza metabolismus MeSH
- půda chemie MeSH
- salát (hlávkový) metabolismus MeSH
- silany MeSH
- triazoly MeSH
- zemědělství MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb) shows remarkable tolerance to lead (Pb), but the mechanisms involved in metal tolerance are not yet well understood. Here, tall fescue were firstly cultivated hydroponically with Pb2+ (0, 50, 200 and 1000 mg/L) for 14 days. The results showed that remodeling of root architecture plays important roles in tolerance of tall fescue to Pb2+ stress. Increased cell wall (CW) components contribute to restrict high amount of Pb2+ in roots. Additionally, the uronic acid contents of pectin, hemicellulose 1 (HC1) and hemicellulose 2 (HC2) increased under Pb2+ stress. We further observed that tall fescue cultivated with H2O2 showed similar remodeling of root architecture as Pb2+ treatment. Furthermore, pectin, HC1 and HC2 fractions were sequentially extracted from 0 and 10 mM H2O2 treated roots, and Pb2+ adsorption capacity and contents of carboxyl groups of pectin and HC2 fractions were steadily increased under H2O2 treatment in vitro. Our results suggest that degrees of esterification of pectin and HC2 are regulated by H2O2. High amount of low-esterified pectin and HC2 offer more carboxyl groups, provide more Pb2+ binding sites, and restrict more Pb2+ in the CW, which may enhance tolerance of tall fescue to Pb2+ stress.
- MeSH
- buněčná stěna účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- esterifikace MeSH
- Festuca účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- kořeny rostlin účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu metabolismus toxicita MeSH
- olovo metabolismus toxicita MeSH
- oxidační stres účinky léků MeSH
- polysacharidy chemie metabolismus MeSH
- reaktivní formy kyslíku metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs) continue to be among the most common pollutants in soil worldwide. Phytoremediation has become a sustainable way of dealing with PHC contamination. We conducted the off-site phytoremediation of PHC-polluted soil from an oil tanker truck accident, where poplars were used for the phytoremediation of the oil-polluted soil in a boreal climate during a seven-year treatment. The succession of bacterial communities over the entire phytoremediation process was monitored using microbial ecological tools relying on high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Upon the successful depletion of PHCs from soil, endophytic communities were analyzed in order to assess the complete plant-associated microbiome after the ecological recovery. The rhizosphere-associated soil exhibited different bacterial dynamics than unplanted soil, but both soils experienced succession of bacteria over time, with diversity being negatively correlated with PHC concentration. In the relatively short growing season in North Europe, seasonal variations in environmental conditions were identified that contributed to the dynamics of bacterial communities. Overall, our study proved that phytoremediation using poplar trees can be used to assist in the removal of PHCs from soils in boreal climate conditions and provides new insight into the succession patterns of bacterial communities associated with these plants.
- MeSH
- Bacteria * genetika MeSH
- biodegradace MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu analýza metabolismus MeSH
- mikrobiální společenstva genetika MeSH
- Populus * MeSH
- půdní mikrobiologie * MeSH
- regenerace a remediace životního prostředí metody MeSH
- rhizosféra MeSH
- RNA ribozomální 16S genetika MeSH
- uhlovodíky analýza metabolismus MeSH
- znečištění ropou * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Finsko MeSH
Highly persistent, toxic and bioaccumulative per - and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) represents a serious problem for the environment and their concentrations and fate remain largely unknown. The present study consists of a PFAS screening in sludges originating from 43 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the Czech Republic. To analyze an extended group of PFAS consisting of 32 PFAS, including GenX and other new replacements of older and restricted PFAS in sludge, a new method was optimized and validated using pressurized solvent extraction, followed by the SPE clean-up step to eliminate the observed matrix effects and LC-MS/MS. The results revealed high PFAS contamination of sewage sludge, reaching values from 5.6 to 963.2 ng g-1. The results showed that in the majority of the samples (about 60%), PFOS was the most abundant among the targeted PFAS, reaching 932.9 ng g-1. Approximately 20% of the analyzed samples contained more short-chain PFAS, suggesting the replacement of long-chain PFAS (especially restricted PFOA and PFOS). GenX was detected in 9 samples, confirming the trend in the use of new PFAS. The results revealed that significantly higher contamination was detected in the samples from large WWTPs (population equivalent > 50,000; p-value <0.05). Concerning the application of sludge in agriculture, our prediction using the respective PFAS bioconcentration factors, the observed concentrations, and the legislatively permitted management of biosolids in Czech Republic agriculture revealed that PFAS can cause serious contamination of cereals and vegetables (oat, celery shoots and lettuce leaves), as well as general secondary contamination of the environment.
- MeSH
- bioakumulace MeSH
- biosolidy MeSH
- chromatografie kapalinová MeSH
- čištění vody MeSH
- fluorokarbony analýza metabolismus MeSH
- kontaminace potravin analýza MeSH
- kyseliny alkansulfonové analýza metabolismus MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu analýza metabolismus MeSH
- odpadní voda chemie MeSH
- odpadní vody chemie MeSH
- propionáty analýza metabolismus MeSH
- průmyslová hnojiva analýza MeSH
- tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
- zelenina chemie růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Consumption of heavy metals, especially lead (Pb) contaminated food is a serious threat to human health. Higher Pb uptake by the plant affects the quality, growth and yield of crops. However, inoculation of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) along with a mixture of organic amendments and biochar could be an effective way to overcome the problem of Pb toxicity. That's why current pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of compost mixed biochar (CB) and ACC deaminase producing PGPR on growth and yield of spinach plants under artificially induced Pb toxicity. Six different treatments i.e., control, Alcaligenes faecalis (PGPR1), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (PGPR2), compost + biochar (CB), PGPR1 + CB and PGPR2 + CB were applied under 250 mg Pb kg-1 soil. Results showed that inoculation of PGPRs (Alcaligenes faecalis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) alone and along with CB significantly enhanced root fresh (47%) and dry weight (31%), potassium concentration (11%) in the spinach plant. Whereas, CB + Bacillus amyloliquefaciens significantly decreased (43%) the concentration of Pb in the spinach root over control. In conclusion, CB + Bacillus amyloliquefaciens has the potential to mitigate the Pb induced toxicity in the spinach. The obtained result can be further used in the planning and execution of rhizobacteria and compost mixed biochar-based soil amendment.
- MeSH
- Alcaligenes faecalis enzymologie izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- Bacillus amyloliquefaciens enzymologie izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- bakteriální proteiny metabolismus MeSH
- chlorofyl metabolismus MeSH
- draslík analýza MeSH
- dřevěné a živočišné uhlí chemie MeSH
- koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
- kořeny rostlin růst a vývoj metabolismus mikrobiologie MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu chemie metabolismus toxicita MeSH
- lyasy štěpící vazby C-C metabolismus MeSH
- olovo chemie metabolismus toxicita MeSH
- půda chemie MeSH
- půdní mikrobiologie MeSH
- Spinacia oleracea chemie účinky léků mikrobiologie MeSH
- symbióza MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Miscanthus x giganteus is suggested as a good candidate for phytostabilization of metal-polluted soils. Its late harvest in winter generates large amounts of leaf litter on the soil surface. However, little is known about the mobility and the bioavailability of metals following leaf decomposition and the consequences on the succeeding culture. Ex situ artificial aging for 1, 3, and 6 months was conducted with miscanthus leaf fragments incorporated into three agricultural soils displaying a gradient concentration in Cd (0.6, 3.1 and 7.9 mg kg-1), Pb (32.0, 194.6 and 468.6 mg kg-1), and Zn (48.4, 276.3 and 490.2 mg kg-1) to simulate the leaf litter input over 20 years of miscanthus culture. We investigated the impacts on physicochemical and biological soil parameters, CaCl2-extractable metal, and their subsequent ryegrass shoot concentrations, and hence on ryegrass health. The results showed that the amended soils possessed higher pH along with greater available phosphorous and soil organic carbon values. The respiratory activity and microbial biomass carbon in the amended soils increased mainly after 1 month of aging, and decreased afterwards. Despite the higher Pb- and Zn-CaCl2 extractability in the amended soils, the phytoavailability slightly increased only in the most contaminated soils. Moreover, leaf incorporation did not affect the ryegrass biomass, photosynthetic pigment contents, nor the antioxidative enzyme activities. Conclusively, leaf incorporation induced slight variations in soil physicochemical and biological parameters, as well as metal extractability, but not to an extent that might cause a considerable threat to the subsequent culture. Nevertheless, these results are preliminary data that require confirmation by long-term in-situ experimentations as they reflect the modelization of long-term impact of leaf decomposition on soil-plant system.
- MeSH
- biodegradace MeSH
- biologická dostupnost MeSH
- biomasa MeSH
- jílek růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- kořeny rostlin metabolismus MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu analýza metabolismus MeSH
- lipnicovité * růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- listy rostlin metabolismus MeSH
- půda chemie MeSH
- teoretické modely * MeSH
- těžké kovy analýza metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
BACKGROUND: Arsenic toxicity induces a range of metabolic responses in plants, including DNA methylation. The focus of this paper was on the relationship between As-induced stress and plant senescence in the hyperaccumulator Pteris cretica var. Albo-lineata (Pc-Al). We assume difference in physiological parameters and level of DNA methylation in young and old fronds as symptoms of As toxicity. RESULTS: The As accumulation of Pc-Al fronds, grown in pots of haplic chernozem contaminated with 100 mg As kg- 1 for 122 days, decreased with age. Content of As was higher in young than old fronds for variants with 100 mg As kg- 1 (2800 and 2000 mg As kg- 1 dry matter, respectively). The highest As content was determined in old fronds of Pc-Al grown in pots with 250 mg As kg- 1. The increase with age was confirmed for determined nutrients - Cu, Mg, Mn, S and Zn. A significant elevation of all analysed nutrients was showed in old fronds. Arsenic accumulation affected DNA methylation status in fronds, but content of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) decreased only in old fronds of Pc-Al (from 25 to 12%). Determined photosynthetic processes showed a decrease of fluorescence, photosynthetic rate and chlorophylls of As treatments in young and old fronds. Water potential was decreased by As in both fronds. Thinning of the sclerenchymatous inner cortex and a reduction in average tracheid metaxylem in the vascular cylinder was showed in roots of As treatment. Irrespective to fronds age, physiological parameters positively correlated with a 5mC while negatively with direct As toxicity. Opposite results were found for contents of Cu, Mg, Mn, S and Zn. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this paper point to changes in the metabolism of the hyperaccumulator plant Pc-Al, upon low and high exposure to As contamination. The significant impact of As on DNA methylation was found in old fronds. Irrespective to fronds age, significant correlations were confirmed for 5mC and As toxicity. Our analysis of the very low water potential values and lignification of cell walls in roots showed that transports of assimilated metabolites and water between roots and fronds were reduced. As was showed by our results, epigenetic changes could affect studied parameters of the As hyperaccumulator plant Pc-Al, especially in old fronds.
- MeSH
- 5-methylcytosin metabolismus MeSH
- arsen metabolismus toxicita MeSH
- chlorofyl metabolismus MeSH
- ekotoxikologie MeSH
- fotosyntéza účinky léků MeSH
- kořeny rostlin metabolismus MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu metabolismus MeSH
- listy rostlin metabolismus MeSH
- metylace DNA účinky léků MeSH
- poškození DNA * účinky léků MeSH
- Pteris metabolismus MeSH
- živiny metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
