composting
Dotaz
Zobrazit nápovědu
Although microbial inoculants are promoted as a strategy for improving compost quality, there is no consensus in the published literature about their efficacy. A quantitative meta-analysis was performed to estimate the overall effect size of microbial inoculants on nutrient content, humification and lignocellulosic degradation. A meta-regression and moderator analyses were conducted to elucidate abiotic and biotic factors controlling the efficacy of microbial inoculants. These analyses demonstrated the beneficial effects of microbial inoculants on total nitrogen (+30%), total phosphorus (+46%), compost maturity index (C:N ratio (-31%), humification (+60%) and the germination index (+28%). The mean effect size was -46%, -65% and -40% for cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin respectively. However, the effect size was marginal for bioavailable nutrient concentrations of phosphate, nitrate, and ammonium. The effectiveness of microbial inoculants depends on inoculant form, inoculation time, composting method, and experimental duration. The microbial inoculant effect size was consistent under different feedstock types and experimental scales. These findings imply that microbial inoculants are important for accelerating lignocellulose degradation. Higher mean effect sizes have tended to be published in journals with higher impact factors, thus researchers should be encouraged to publish non-significant findings in order to provide a more reliable estimation of effect size and clarify doubts about the benefits of microbial inoculants for composting.
- MeSH
- dusík analýza MeSH
- kompostování * MeSH
- lignin MeSH
- půda MeSH
- živiny MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- metaanalýza MeSH
The article evaluates the effect of small selected doses of biochar addition (0%, 1.5%, 3% and 5%, wet weight) on the composting process of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) with a low initial C/N ratio under real conditions. The low C/N composting mixtures with addition of biochar at low rates can have a positive effect on the compost quality and on the reduction of N losses in compost. The novelty of this work consists in studying the impact of small biochar doses on the composting process at full-scale. The research was conducted under real conditions in the Brno Central Composting Plant (Czech Republic) receiving food waste, grass, straw, sawdust, mineral waste, paper, wood and sewage sludge for processing. The experimental processing time was 12 weeks. We evaluated changes in carbon (C), nitrogen (N), moisture content (MC), organic matter (OM), respiration activity (AT4), as well as changes in the microbiocenotic composition of microorganisms colonizing the processed waste. OFMSW with the addition of biochar and compost were assessed for the content of heavy metals (HM). It was found out that biochar reduced the compost toxicity. The resulting compost with the addition of biochar exhibited higher moisture content and lower waste density. Biochar had an impact on N retention during composting but it did not change the course or accelerate the composting process. The highest OM loss (62.6%) was observed in the OFMSW with no biochar addition. The abundance of potentially pathogenic microorganisms clearly decreased during the OFMSW composting process with the addition of biochar.
- MeSH
- dřevěné a živočišné uhlí MeSH
- dusík MeSH
- kompostování * MeSH
- půda MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Home composting can be an effective way to reduce the volume of municipal solid waste. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of Effective Microorganism™ (EM) for the home scale co-composting of food waste, rice bran and dried leaves. A general consensus is lacking regarding the efficiency of inoculation composting. Home scale composting was carried out with and without EM (control) to identify the roles of EM. The composting parameters for both trials showed a similar trend of changes during the decomposition. As assayed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), the functional group of humic acid was initially dominated by aliphatic structure but was dominated by the aromatic in the final compost. The EM compost has a sharper peak of aromatic CC bond presenting a better degree of humification. Compost with EM achieved a slightly higher temperature at the early stage, with foul odour suppressed, enhanced humification process and a greater fat reduction (73%). No significant difference was found for the final composts inoculated with and without EM. The properties included pH (∼7), electric conductivity (∼2), carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C: N < 14), colour (dark brown), odour (earthy smell), germination index (>100%), humic acid content (4.5-4.8%) and pathogen content (no Salmonella, <1000 Most Probable Number/g E. coli). All samples were well matured within 2 months. The potassium and phosphate contents in both cases were similar however the EM compost has a higher nitrogen content (+1.5%). The overall results suggested the positive effect provided by EM notably in odour control and humification.
- MeSH
- Escherichia coli * MeSH
- huminové látky * MeSH
- kompostování * MeSH
- půda MeSH
- tuhý odpad MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Waste prevention and management become a significant issue worldwide to achieve sustainable development. Similar to many developing countries, Malaysia has faced severe problems in waste management due to its rapid economic growth and urbanisation. The municipal solid waste (MSW) production rate in Malaysia had increased significantly in a recent year, ranging from 0.8 to 1.25 kg/person∙d. The wastes generated contain a high amount of organic portion with high moisture content. Improper MSW management practice or delayed in waste collection and transportation can lead to severe health issues. This paper presents a case study in Johor Bahru, Malaysia (FOLO Farm), in which a composting prototype is used as the waste management technology to recycle the food and vegetable wastes. The greenhouse gases (GHG) mitigation and economic feasibility of the integrated composting and organic farming in this study are reported. This study showed a reduction of 27% of GHG by diverting the food and vegetable wastes from open dumping to the composting plant. Higher reduction rate (∼44%) can be achieved with better planning of waste collection route and applying the mitigation strategies during the composting process. By adapting the membership concept, this project not only ensures the economic feasibility of running a composting plant but also secures a channel for the growth of vegetable distribution. This study provides an insight into the feasibility and desirability to implement a pilot-scale composting for organic waste management to achieve the low carbon and self-sustain community.
- MeSH
- biozemědělství MeSH
- kompostování * MeSH
- nakládání s odpady * MeSH
- odpadky - odstraňování * MeSH
- studie proveditelnosti MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Malajsie MeSH
Sludge coming from remediation of groundwater contaminated by industry is usually managed as hazardous waste despite it might be considered for further processing as a source of nutrients. The ecotoxicity of phosphorus rich sludge contaminated with arsenic was evaluated after mixing with soil and cultivation with Sinapis alba, and supplementation into composting and vermicomposting processes. The Enchytraeus crypticus and Folsomia candida reproduction tests and the Lactuca sativa root growth test were used. Invertebrate bioassays reacted sensitively to arsenic presence in soil-sludge mixtures. The root elongation of L. sativa was not sensitive and showed variable results. In general, the relationship between invertebrate tests results and arsenic mobile concentration was indicated in majority endpoints. Nevertheless, significant portion of the results still cannot be satisfactorily explained by As chemistry data. Composted and vermicomposted sludge mixtures showed surprisingly high toxicity on all three tested organisms despite the decrease in arsenic mobility, probably due to toxic metabolites of bacteria and earthworms produced during these processes. The results from the study indicated the inability of chemical methods to predict the effects of complex mixtures on living organisms with respect to ecotoxicity bioassays.
- MeSH
- arsen chemie toxicita MeSH
- biotest MeSH
- členovci účinky léků MeSH
- ekotoxikologie MeSH
- hořčice rodu Sinapis růst a vývoj MeSH
- kompostování * MeSH
- kroužkovci účinky léků MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu chemie toxicita MeSH
- odpadní vody chemie MeSH
- půda chemie MeSH
- rozpustnost MeSH
- salát (hlávkový) účinky léků MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
An experiment was established to compare composting and vermicomposting for decreasing the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in biomass fly ash incorporated into organic waste mixtures. PAH removal from the ash-organic waste mixture was compared to the same mixture spiked with PAHs. The removal of 16 individual ash PAHs ranged between 28.7 and 98.5% during the 240 day experiment. Greater dissipation of total PAH content of ash origin was observed at the end of composting (84.5%) than after the vermicomposting (61.6%). Most ash PAHs were removed similarly to spiked PAHs through the composting and vermicomposting processes. Higher manganese peroxidase in composting treatments indicated increased activity of ligninolytic PAH-degrading microorganisms. 3D models of total PAH removal were parametrized using the polarity index and organic matter content, and paraboloid equations for each treatment were estimated (all R2 > 0.91). A two-phase model of pseudo-first order kinetics analysis showed faster PAH removal by higher rate constants during the first 120 days of the experiment. The compost and vermicompost produced from the bioremediation treatments are usable as soil organic amendments.
- MeSH
- biodegradace * MeSH
- biomasa * MeSH
- kinetika MeSH
- kompostování * MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu analýza MeSH
- lipasa chemie MeSH
- odpadní vody analýza MeSH
- Oligochaeta MeSH
- peroxidasy chemie MeSH
- polycyklické aromatické uhlovodíky chemie MeSH
- popel uhelný MeSH
- půda MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
One of crucial waste management problems is the management of organic waste. This activity employs the composting. In case of green waste, its application seems reasonable, whereas the use of selected mixed waste raises problems related to the compost quality. Across countries, the non-sterile organic fraction of municipal solid waste is being separated through the mechanical-biological treatment. The technology is a solution of waste treatment and meets objectives set out in the Landfill Directive. There are many problems associated with the use of output products. The use of compost as a fertilizer requires determination of its impact on the environment. Compost quality can be assessed using analytical methods and phytotoxicity tests. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe changes in physico-chemical, enzymatic, phytotoxicity and vegetation parameters occurring in composts from two systems - a prismatic installation for green waste, and a mechanical-biological treatment installation. The compost from green waste exhibited greater stability. Values of dehydrogenase activity were lower if compared with the mechanically and biologically treated compost, which indicates lower compost maturity. The biomass production of Brassica napus L. and Fetuca rubra L. was higher in the variant with the application of green compost. The influence on Hordeum vulgare L., Cannabis sativa L., and Sinapis alba L. depended on the plant type and the compost used. Nevertheless, the compost from green waste was less toxic. The evidence from this study suggests that the mechanical-biological treatment had problems associated with the maturation and quality of the final product.
- MeSH
- biomasa MeSH
- kompostování * MeSH
- nakládání s odpady * MeSH
- půda MeSH
- tuhý odpad MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The minimization of landfill deposition of waste containing biological components represents a big problem, especially in built-up residential areas. The main problem of biologically degradable municipal waste is the quantity and composition of household waste which can have an important influence on decomposition processes already in collecting vessels. An amount of household waste produced in residential areas in the Czech Republic varies from 31 to 337 g/person/day, with an average value of 250 g. Waste of plant material character is produced in the range from 22 to 291 g/person/day. Composts were prepared in the home composters from household food waste. After the end of the composting process, compost does not have the organic component sufficiently stabilized, which is documented by a high value of electrical conductivity of aqueous leachate reaching more than 4 mS/cm and low humification index. The value of the humification index pronouncedly increased after eight weeks from 0.05 to 0.85, while compost from composting of green waste using windrow system have humification index of 3.48. An aim of this work is the determination of properties of composts prepared from HFW in automatic composters and identification of differences compared with composts prepared from a mixture of biodegradable green waste.
- MeSH
- kompostování * MeSH
- potraviny MeSH
- půda MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
From the early days of philosophy, ethics and justice, there is wide consensus that the constancy of the laws establishes the legal system. On the other hand, the rate at which we accumulate knowledge is gaining speed like never before. Due to the recently increased attention of academics to climate change and other environmental issues, a lot of new knowledge has been obtained about carbon management, its role in nature and mechanisms regarding the formation and degradation of organic matter. A multidisciplinary techno-economic assessment of current composting standards and laws that took into account the current state of knowledge about carbon management was carried out as a case study. Economic and environmental damage caused by outdated laws was revealed. In addition, it was found that the introduction of the best composts into the market is permitted, causing additional negative environmental as well as economic impacts.
- MeSH
- klimatické změny MeSH
- kompostování ekonomika etika zákonodárství a právo normy MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mravy * MeSH
- obchod * etika zákonodárství a právo MeSH
- průmyslová hnojiva ekonomika normy MeSH
- půda chemie MeSH
- sociální odpovědnost MeSH
- uhlík * MeSH
- životní prostředí * MeSH
- znalosti MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The temperature of matured compost is an indicator of feedstock quality and also a good feedback informing about the suitability of an applied technological procedure. Two independent experiments using the technology of windrow composting at open area were conducted with the final goal to evaluate the effect of compost pile covering (in comparison with uncovered piles) on the course of composting process - behaviour of temperature over time and oxygen content. Two types of sheets were used - Top Tex permeable sheet and impermeable polyethylene sheet. The experiment I (summer months) aimed at comparison of efficiency between the Top Tex sheet cover and the uncovered compost piles, while experiment II (autumn months) compared treatments using the Top Tex sheet and polyethylene sheet by contrast. Within the experiment I the composts consisted of cattle slurry and fresh grass matter at a ratio of 1:1, in case of experiment II consisted of pig/cattle manure, fresh grass matter and chipped material at a ratio of about 1:2:1. The obtained data showed no significant differences among the cover treatments according to ANOVA. The only exception was oxygen content in pile 4 (experiment II) under Top Tex sheet, where a markedly higher oxygen content than under polyethylene sheet was measured during the whole composting period. It was the only case where statistical analysis proved a significant difference; the p-value was 0.0002.
