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A deficiency in cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) function in CF leads to chronic lung disease. CF is associated with abnormalities in fatty acids, ceramides, and cholesterol, their relationship with CF lung pathology is not completely understood. Therefore, we examined the impact of CFTR deficiency on lipid metabolism and pro-inflammatory signaling in airway epithelium using mass spectrometric, protein array. We observed a striking imbalance in fatty acid and ceramide metabolism, associated with chronic oxidative stress under basal conditions in CF mouse lung and well-differentiated bronchial epithelial cell cultures of CFTR knock out pig and CF patients. Cell-autonomous features of all three CF models included high ratios of ω-6- to ω-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids and of long- to very long-chain ceramide species (LCC/VLCC), reduced levels of total ceramides and ceramide precursors. In addition to the retinoic acid analog fenretinide, the anti-oxidants glutathione (GSH) and deferoxamine partially corrected the lipid profile indicating that oxidative stress may promote the lipid abnormalities. CFTR-targeted modulators reduced the lipid imbalance and oxidative stress, confirming the CFTR dependence of lipid ratios. However, despite functional correction of CF cells up to 60% of non-CF in Ussing chamber experiments, a 72-h triple compound treatment (elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor surrogate) did not completely normalize lipid imbalance or oxidative stress. Protein array analysis revealed differential expression and shedding of cytokines and growth factors from CF epithelial cells compared to non-CF cells, consistent with sterile inflammation and tissue remodeling under basal conditions, including enhanced secretion of the neutrophil activator CXCL5, and the T-cell activator CCL17. However, treatment with antioxidants or CFTR modulators that mimic the approved combination therapies, ivacaftor/lumacaftor and ivacaftor/tezacaftor/elexacaftor, did not effectively suppress the inflammatory phenotype. We propose that CFTR deficiency causes oxidative stress in CF airway epithelium, affecting multiple bioactive lipid metabolic pathways, which likely play a role in CF lung disease progression. A combination of anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and CFTR targeted therapeutics may be required for full correction of the CF phenotype.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Cystická fibróza (CF) je autozomálne recesívne genetické ochorenie, ktoré je spôso bené genetickou mutáciou génu pre CFTR (Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conduc tance Regulator), ktorý kóduje proteín – CF transmembránový regulátor vodivosti zabezpečujúci okrem iného aj pohyb chloridových iónov cez bunkovú membránu. Klinický obraz ochorenia je charakterizovaný chronickým zápalom bronchopulmo nálneho systému, pankreatickou insuficienciou a zvýšeným obsahom solí v pote. Cieľom práce bolo zistiť prínos inovatívnej kombinovanej terapie modulátormi CFTR proteínu ivakaftorom/tezakaftorom/elexafaktorom (Kaftrio) v kombinácii s ivakaf torom (Kalydeco) a ivakaftorom/lumakaftorom (Orkambi). Výsledky boli získané prostredníctvom dotazníka, ktorý vyplnilo 26 responden tov s CF užívajúcich tieto modulátory CFTR proteínu. Prieskumu sa zúčastnilo 20 žien a 6 mužov a priemerný vek respondentov bol 27,5 roka. Väčšina pacientov (92 %) bola nastavená na kombináciu ivakaftor/tezakaftor/elexafaktor v kombinácii s ivakaftorom, a to 24 mesiacov a aj 36 mesiacov. Dvaja pacienti (8 %) užívali ivakaf tor/lumakaftor 24 mesiacov a 36 mesiacov. Účinnosť inovatívnej terapie CF bola vyhodnotená hlavne prostredníctvom sledovania FEV1 (exspiračný objem vzduchu za jednu sekundu), chloridov v pote a hmotnosti pacientov, ktorých hodnoty boli zlepšené takmer u všetkých pacientov v porovnaní s obdobím pred indikovanou inovatívnou terapiou. To poukazuje na zmenu a zlepšenie funkcie dýchacích ciest. Z výsledkov možno potvrdiť, že inovatívna terapia modulátormi CFTR proteínu pre pacientov s CF významne zlepšila kvalitu života pacientov.
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive genetic disease caused by a genetic mutation of the gene for CFTR (Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator), which encodes a protein - CF transmembrane conductance regulator ensuring, among other things, the movement of chloride ions through the cell membrane. The clinical picture of the disease is characterized by chronic inflammation of the bronchopulmonary system, pancreatic insufficiency and increased salt content in sweat. The aim of the work was to determine the benefit of innovative combined therapy with CFTR protein modulators ivacaftor/tezacaftor/elexafactor (Kaftrio) in combination with ivacaftor (Kalydeco) and ivacaftor/lumakaftor (Orkambi). The results were obtained through a questionnaire filled out by 26 respondents with CF taking these CFTR protein modulators. 20 women and 6 men took part in the survey, and the average age of the respondents was 27.5 years. The majority of patients (92 %) were assigned to the combination of ivacaftor/tezacaftor/elexafactor in combination with ivacaftor for 24 months and 36 months. Two patients (8 %) took ivacaftor/lumacaftor for 24 months and 36 months. The effectiveness of the innovative CF therapy was evaluated mainly by monitoring the values of FEV1 (expiratory volume of air in one second), sweat chloride and weight of the patients, whose values were improved in almost all patients compared to the period before the indicated innovative therapy. This indicates a change and improvement in airway function. From the results, it can be confirmed that the innovative therapy with CFTR protein modulators for CF patients significantly improved the patients' quality of life.
Modulátory transmembránového regulátoru vodivosti cystické fibrózy (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulátor, CFTR) jsou od roku 2012 dostupné ke kauzální léčbě cystické fibrózy. Jde o látky působící na konkrétní mutace či skupiny mutací genu CFTR. Obecně je lze dělit na korektory a potenciátory CFTR proteinu, kde korektory zvyšují množství CFTR proteinu v buněčné membráně, kdežto potenciátory zlepšují jeho funkci. V klinické praxi je v současnosti využíván potenciátor ivakaftor a korektory lumakaftor a tezakaftor. U dalšího korektoru, elexakaftoru, se v nejbližší době předpokládá schválení ke klinickému použití.
CFTR modulators have been available since 2012 for causal treatment of cystic fibrosis. These are substances that affect specific mutations or groups of mutations of the CFTR gene. In general, they can be divided into CFTR correctors and potentiators, where CFTR correctors increase the amount of CFTR protein in the cell membrane, while CFTR potentiators improve its function. In clinical practice, the CFTR potentiator ivacaftor and the CFTR correctors lumacaftor and tezacaftor are currently used. Another CFTR corrector, elexacaftor, is expected to be approved for clinical use in the near future.
- Klíčová slova
- ivakaftor, lumakaftor, tezakaftor, elexakaftor,
- MeSH
- aminofenoly MeSH
- cystická fibróza * imunologie terapie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- modulátory membránového transportu MeSH
- protein CFTR MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
BACKGROUND: Several treatment approaches in cystic fibrosis (CF) aim to correct CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) function; the efficacy of each approach is dependent on the mutation(s) present. A need remains for more effective treatments to correct functional deficits caused by the F508del mutation. METHODS: Two placebo-controlled, phase 2a studies evaluated GLPG2222, given orally once daily for 29 days, in subjects homozygous for F508del (FLAMINGO) or heterozygous for F508del and a gating mutation, receiving ivacaftor (ALBATROSS). The primary objective of both studies was to assess safety and tolerability. Secondary objectives included assessment of pharmacokinetics, and of the effect of GLPG2222 on sweat chloride concentrations, pulmonary function and respiratory symptoms. RESULTS: Fifty-nine and 37 subjects were enrolled into FLAMINGO and ALBATROSS, respectively. Treatment-related treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were reported by 29.2% (14/48) of subjects in FLAMINGO and 40.0% (12/30) in ALBATROSS; most were mild to moderate in severity and comprised primarily respiratory, gastrointestinal, and infection events. There were no deaths or discontinuations due to TEAEs. Dose-dependent decreases in sweat chloride concentrations were seen in GLPG2222-treated subjects (maximum decrease in FLAMINGO: -17.6 mmol/L [GLPG2222 200 mg], p < 0.0001; ALBATROSS: -7.4 mmol/L [GLPG2222 300 mg], p < 0.05). No significant effects on pulmonary function or respiratory symptoms were reported. Plasma GLPG2222 concentrations in CF subjects were consistent with previous studies in healthy volunteers and CF subjects. CONCLUSIONS: GLPG2222 was well tolerated. Sweat chloride reductions support on-target enhancement of CFTR activity in subjects with F508del mutation(s). Significant improvements in clinical endpoints were not demonstrated. Observed safety results support further evaluation of GLPG2222, including in combination with other CFTR modulators. FUNDING: Galapagos NV. Clinical trial registration numbers FLAMINGO, NCT03119649; ALBATROSS, NCT03045523.
- MeSH
- aktivátory chloridových kanálů aplikace a dávkování škodlivé účinky farmakokinetika MeSH
- aminofenoly * aplikace a dávkování škodlivé účinky MeSH
- aplikace orální MeSH
- benzoáty * aplikace a dávkování škodlivé účinky farmakokinetika MeSH
- benzopyrany * aplikace a dávkování škodlivé účinky farmakokinetika MeSH
- biologická dostupnost MeSH
- chinolony * aplikace a dávkování škodlivé účinky MeSH
- cystická fibróza * diagnóza farmakoterapie genetika MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- dvojitá slepá metoda MeSH
- kombinovaná farmakoterapie metody MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- monitorování léčiv MeSH
- mutace MeSH
- pot * chemie účinky léků MeSH
- protein CFTR genetika MeSH
- respirační funkční testy metody MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- klinické zkoušky, fáze II MeSH
- multicentrická studie MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
Cystická fibróza (CF) je závažné postupně progredující a život limitující autosomálně recesivně dědičné multiorgánové onemocnění, charakterizované v dětském věku zejména neprospíváním a opakovanými respiračními infekty s dlouhodobým zahleněním. Vývoj onemocnění nelze predikovat ani při stále se zlepšujících diagnostických a terapeutických možnostech. Snaha o maximální kompenzaci základního onemocnění, prevenci a časnou léčbu komplikací, a zejména personalizovaná péče s umožněním inovativní terapie nemocným s dobrou compliance při splnění genetického a věkového hlediska, jsou podstatou aktuálního léčebného přístupu k nemocným s CF. S objevením a zavedením inovativní terapie modulátory transmembránového regulátoru vodivosti - proteinu CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) - do klinické praxe se od roku 2012 významně zlepšila kvalita života nemocných i prognóza onemocnění. V současné době jsou v České republice k dispozici čtyři typy modulátorů CFTR: potenciátor ivacaftor samostatně (Kalydeko) či v kombinaci s korektorem lumacaftor (Orkambi), s korektorem tezacaftor (Symkevi) nebo s dvěma korektory elexacaftor a tezacaftor (Kaftrio). Při nesplnění indikačních kritérií kauzální terapie zůstává snaha o maximální zintenzivnění symptomatické léčby se začleněním přístroje PhysioAssist neboli Simeox do každodenního režimu k usnadnění expektorace a zajištění efektivní airway clearance (hygieny dýchacích cest). Jak dokládá prezentovaná kazuistika 13leté dívky, klinický i funkční benefit z kauzální terapie lze očekávat i u nemocných s CF splňujících indikaci k léčbě modulátory podle registrace amerického Úřadu pro kontrolu potravin a léčiv.
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a serious, age-progressive, life-limiting, autosomal recessively inherited multiorgan disease, characterized in childhood mainly by failure to thrive and recurrent respiratory infections with chronic obstruction. The development of the disease cannot be predicted even with ever-improving diagnostic and therapeutic options. Efforts to maximally compensate for the underlying disease, prevention and early treatment of complications, and especially personalized care with the possibility of innovative therapy in patients with good compliance while meeting genetic and age aspects, is the essence of the current therapeutic approach to patients with CF. With the discovery and introduction of innovative therapy with CFTR protein modulators into clinical practice, the quality of life of patients and the prognosis of the disease have significantly improved since 2012. There are currently four types of CFTR modulators available in the Czech Republic: the ivacaftor potentiator alone (Kalydeko) or in combination with the lumacaftor corrector (Orkambi), the tezacaftor corrector (Symkevi), or two elexacaftor and tezacaftor correctors (Kaftrio). If the indication criteria for causal therapy are not met, the effort remains to maximize the intensification of symptomatic treatment with the incorporation of PhysioAssist or Simeox into the daily regimen to facilitate expectoration and ensure effective airway clearance. As the presented case report of a 13-year-old girl demonstrates, clinical, laboratory and functional benefits from causal therapy can also be expected in CF patients who meet the indication for modulator treatment according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
- Klíčová slova
- tezacaftor/ivacaftor,
- MeSH
- aktivátory chloridových kanálů chemie terapeutické užití MeSH
- cystická fibróza * farmakoterapie genetika MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- mutace genetika účinky léků MeSH
- poměr plicní ventilace a perfuze účinky léků MeSH
- protein CFTR genetika účinky léků MeSH
- výroba orphan drugs MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- vzácné nemoci MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
RATIONALE: Given the vast number of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) mutations, biomarkers predicting benefit from CFTR modulator therapies are needed for subjects with cystic fibrosis (CF). OBJECTIVES: To study CFTR function in organoids of subjects with common and rare CFTR mutations and evaluate correlations between CFTR function and clinical data. METHODS: Intestinal organoids were grown from rectal biopsies in a cohort of 97 subjects with CF. Residual CFTR function was measured by quantifying organoid swelling induced by forskolin and response to modulators by quantifying organoid swelling induced by CFTR correctors, potentiator and their combination. Organoid data were correlated with clinical data from the literature. RESULTS: Across 28 genotypes, residual CFTR function correlated (r2=0.87) with sweat chloride values. When studying the same genotypes, CFTR function rescue by CFTR modulators in organoids correlated tightly with mean improvement in lung function (r2=0.90) and sweat chloride (r2=0.95) reported in clinical trials. We identified candidate genotypes for modulator therapy, such as E92K, Q237E, R334W and L159S. Based on organoid results, two subjects started modulator treatment: one homozygous for complex allele Q359K_T360K, and the second with mutation E60K. Both subjects had major clinical benefit. CONCLUSIONS: Measurements of residual CFTR function and rescue of function by CFTR modulators in intestinal organoids correlate closely with clinical data. Our results for reference genotypes concur with previous results. CFTR function measured in organoids can be used to guide precision medicine in patients with CF, positioning organoids as a potential in vitro model to bring treatment to patients carrying rare CFTR mutations.
