flammability
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The negative impact of air incidents and emergency situations results from the leakage of liquids into the soil and water and the leakage of flue gases and combustion products of aircraft structural materials into the air during fires. This article deals with air pollution caused by the combustion of composite materials commonly used in general aviation. Samples of composite materials of aircraft registered in the Czech Republic were selected. These samples of composite materials were tested for flammability, according to ISO 5660-1:2002 Reaction to fire tests-Heat Release, smoke production and mass loss rate (ISO-International Organization for Standardization). Total smoke release and total oxygen consumed were assessed in this study, both of which have a significant impact on air quality in the case of an air incident. Based on the results of the research, differences resulting from the diversity of the structures of the tested composite materials were found. The most hazardous composite material was evaluated from the point of view of its impact on air quality during combustion.
Sevofluran je halogenované inhalační anestetikum používané pro indukci a vedení celkové anestezie u dospělých a dětských pacientů v průběhu hospitalizace nebo ambulantní chirurgie. Sevofluran je těkavé anestetikum, které zajišťuje hypnózu, amnézii, analgezii, imobilizaci a autonomní blokádu během chirurgických a procedurálních výkonů. Jedná se o těkavou, nehořlavou a nedráždivou sloučeninu s nízkou rozpustností a rozdělovacím koeficientem krev-plyn. Sevofluran zvyšuje inhibiční aktivitu postsynaptického kanálu na receptorech kyseliny gama-aminomáselné a glycinu a inhibuje excitační aktivitu synaptického kanálu N-methyl-D-aspartátového, nikotinového, serotoninového a glutamátového receptoru v centrálním nervovém systému. Sevofluran je aplikován do respiračního systému pacienta pomocí sevofluranového kalibrovaného odpařovače připojeného k anesteziologickému přístroji. Sevofluran prochází minimálním jaterním metabolismem nebo vylučováním ledvinami.
Sevoflurane is a halogenated inhalational anesthetic used for the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia in adults and pediatric patients for inpatient and outpatient surgery. Sevoflurane is a volatile anesthetic that provides hypnosis, amnesia, analgesia, immobilization, and autonomic blockade during surgical and procedural interventions It is a volatile, non-flammable, and non-irritant compound with a low solubility and blood-to-gas partition coefficient. Sevoflurane enhances inhibitory postsynaptic channel activity on gamma-aminobutyric acid and glycine and inhibits excitatory synaptic channel aktivity on N-methyl-D-aspartate, nicotinic acetylcholine, serotonine, and glutamate receptors in the central nervous system. Sevoflurane is delivered to the respirátory systém via a sevoflurane specific calibrated vaporizer attached to an anesthesia machine. Sevoflurane undergoes minimal hepatic metabolism or renal excretion.
Metanol je hořlavá a toxická tekutina. Oxiduje se na fromaldehyd, kyselinu mravenčí a nakonec na oxid uhličitý a vodu. Metanol je absorbován z gastrointestinálního traktu, inhalací nebo kůží. V těle je metabolizován alkoholdehydrogenázou, folátovou metabo - lickou cestou nebo vyloučen ventilací. Zkvašením zralého ovoce vzniklé malé množství metanolu nezpůsobí intoxikaci. Toxické je množství 4–10 ml, které může způsobit tr - valou slepotu. Ovšem citlivost na intoxikaci je velmi individuální. Toxickými příznaky jsou útlum centrálního nervového systému, hypokalemie, acidóza, zvýšená osmolalita, bolesti hlavy, ospalost, závratě, dilatace zorniček, zhoršení zraku, křeče a kóma. Terape - uticky se podává 200 ml 40% etanolu, fromepizol, foláty, hydrogenuhličitany (při acidó - ze), ventilace. Hemodialýza je indikována po požití 30 ml metanolu a více.
Methanol is a flammable and toxical solution. It is oxidated to formaldehyde, formic acid and finally to carbon dioxide and water. Methanol is absorbed from gastroin - testinal tract, by inhalation or from the skin. In the body is metabolized by alcohol - dehydrogenase, by oxidation in folate metabolic pathway or by ventilation. Due to fermentation of mature fruit originated low amount of methanol will not evoke in - toxication. Toxic is the amount of 4–10 ml which can cause permanent blindness. Of course, the sensibilty to intoxication is very individual. Toxic symptoms are inhibition of the central nervous system, hypokaliemia, acidosis, increased osmolality, headache, drowsiness, dizziness, dilatation of pupils, aggravation of the vision convulsions and coma. Therapeutically are given 200 ml od 40% ethanol, formepizol, folates, hydro - gencarbonate (in acidosis), ventilation. Hemodialysis is indicated after ingestion of 30 ml of methanol or more.
- MeSH
- alkoholdehydrogenasa fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- methanol * chemie metabolismus škodlivé účinky MeSH
- otrava patofyziologie terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
Environmental health criteria ; 102
98 s. : tab.
- Klíčová slova
- propanol, charakteristika, zdroje, vliv na zdraví, 1 - propanol - zdroje - účinky - hlediska zdravotnická - materiály WHO,
- Konspekt
- Chemie. Mineralogické vědy
- NLK Obory
- chemie, klinická chemie
- pracovní lékařství
- environmentální vědy
- environmentální vědy
- NLK Publikační typ
- publikace WHO
Cíl: Cílem průzkumného šetření bylo zjistit, zda se respondenti setkali s nežádoucí událostí při používání elektrochirurgického přístroje, jak mají na vybraných operačních sálech nastavená preventivní opatření ve vztahu k elektrochirurgii a zda jsou na těchto pracovištích dodržována obecně platná doporučení související s používáním elektrochirurgických přístrojů. Metody: Pro sběr dat byla zvolena kvalitativní metoda polostrukturovaného rozhovoru se 6 respondenty (vrchní/staniční sestry operačních sálů) ze tří zdravotnických zařízení v rámci jednoho kraje doplněná o zúčastněné pozorování na operačních sálech. Výzkumné šetření probíhalo od července do září 2018. Pozorování probíhalo v rámci operačního programu namátkově. Tvorba záznamového archu vycházela z doporučení Competency & Credentialing Institutu zaměřených na bezpečnou perioperační péči v oblasti elektrochirurgie. Výsledky: Bylo zjištěno, že se všichni respondenti setkali s nežádoucí událostí v oblasti elektrochirurgie a že sledovaná pracoviště nemají vypracovanou vlastní směrnici k této problematice. Proškolování personálu v této oblasti se v jednotlivých zdravotnických zařízeních lišilo. Více problematických okamžiků bylo zaevidováno v části před zahájením operace a v jejím průběhu. Mezi významnější zjištění patřilo, že si na pracovištích předem neověřují, zda budou použita hořlavá anestetika a alkoholová dezinfekce. V některých případech se personál spoléhal pouze na kontrolu přístrojem a vizuálně si danou situaci neověřoval. Závěry: Většina obecně platných bezpečnostních opatření stanovených výrobcem či odbornými společnostmi byla dodržována. Identifikované problémy většinou spočívaly v provádění úkonů nekompetentní osobou popřípadě nedodržováním doporučení od výrobce elektrochirurgických přístrojů.
Aim: The aim of the survey was to find out whether the respondents encountered an undesirable event in the use of electrosurgical equipment, as well as preventive measures in relation to electrosurgery set in selected operating theaters and whether generally valid recommendations related to the use of electrosurgical equipment are followed. Methods: For data collection, a qualitative method of semi-structured interview with 6 respondents (head/station nurses of operating theaters) from three medical facilities within one region was chosen, which was supplemented by participating observation in operating theaters. The survey was conducted from July to September 2018. The observation was carried out at random within the operational program. Recording sheet creation was based on recommendations of the Competency & Credentialing Institute focused on safe perioperative care in the field of electrosurgery. Results: It was found that all respondents encountered an undesirable event in the field of electrosurgery and that the monitored workplaces did not have their own guidelines on this issue. The training of staff at this area varied from one healthcare facility to another. More problematic moments were registered in the stage before and during the operation. Among the more significant findings was that they did not verify in advance at the workplace whether flammable anesthetics and alcohol disinfection would be used. In some cases, the staff relied solely on a machine check and did not verify the situation visually. Conclusions: Most of the generally applicable safety precautions specified by the manufacturer or by specialist companies have been followed. The problems identified mostly consisted in performing tasks by an incompetent person or by not following the recommendations of the manufacturer of electrosurgical devices.
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been used commercially since 1929 as dielectric and insulating non-flammable substances, additives for paints, etc. In Slovakia, 60 chemical production workers highly exposed to PCBs (mainly to Delor 103) were studied with duration of exposure ranging from 3 months to 19 years. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Clinical examinations of skin, skin histology and laboratory tests concerning lipid metabolism, iron metabolism and levels of copper provided comparisons with a control group of healthy individuals and/or the upper limits of normal values. RESULTS: Skin changes were found in 47 % of individuals. In most cases, milia-like efflorescences (57.14 %) occurred, as well as comedones (55.35 %); other symptoms occurred in a smaller number of workers. Hyperkeratosis, acanthosis of the epidermis (particularly in hair follicles), and a cellular infiltration of the corium were all found through histology. The intensity of cutaneous affections was associated with the changes in laboratory tests. Elevated triglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipids were found in exposed workers. After a further two years, a significant increase in triglycerides was found in exposed individuals when compared with the control group. In addition, a significant increase in serum levels of copper, and total and unsaturated iron-binding capacity was detected. CONCLUSIONS: Anamnesis showed that some people directly exposed to PCBs may develop skin changes after three months of occupational exposure. The results represent a unique snapshot of worker exposure at a given location, representing the basis for comparison with the population who grew up in the area and still live there today.
- MeSH
- cholesterol krev MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- kožní nemoci krev epidemiologie etiologie patologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- měď krev MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- nemoci z povolání krev epidemiologie etiologie patologie MeSH
- polychlorované bifenyly toxicita MeSH
- pracovní expozice škodlivé účinky MeSH
- retrospektivní studie MeSH
- triglyceridy krev MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Slovenská republika epidemiologie MeSH
To fulfill national and international fire safety standards, flame retardants (FRs) are being added to a wide range of consumer products and building materials consisting of flammable materials like plastic, wood and textiles. While the FR composition of some products and materials has been identified in recent years, the limited global coverage of the data and the large diversity in consumer products necessitates more information for an overall picture of the FR composition in common products/materials. To address this issue, 137 individual samples of various consumer products, building materials and wastes were collected. To identify and characterize potential sources of FRs in indoor environment, all samples were analyzed for content of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs) and novel flame retardants (NFRs). The most frequently detected were HBCDDs (85%), with the highest median concentration of Σ4HBCDDs of 300 mg kg(-1) in polystyrenes. The highest median concentration of Σ10PBDEs was found in recycled plastic materials, reaching 4 mg kg(-1). The lowest concentrations were observed for NFRs, where the median of Σ12NFRs reached 0.4 mg kg(-1) in the group of electrical & electronic equipment wastes. This suggests that for consumer products and building materials that are currently in-use, legacy compounds still contribute to the overall burden of FRs. Additionally, contrasting patterns of FR composition in recycled and virgin plastics, revealed using principle component analysis (PCA), suggest that legacy flame retardants are reentering the market through recycled products, perpetuating the potential for emissions to indoor environments and thus for human exposure.
- MeSH
- bromované uhlovodíky analýza MeSH
- halogenované difenylethery analýza MeSH
- konstrukční materiály analýza MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
- plastické hmoty analýza MeSH
- potřeby pro domácnost * MeSH
- retardanty hoření analýza MeSH
- tuhý odpad analýza MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Currently there is increasingly closer interaction between the importance of environmental protection and efficient promoting of scientific and technological progress in the field of waste incineration. Waste is not only undesirable source of pollution, but if it is effectively used it also has great economic importance. In the Czech Republic 34.5 million tonnes of all wastes was produced in 2017, of which 5.7 million tonnes of municipal waste. 50% of the produced municipal waste was used, 38% of which was used for the material and 12% for energy utilization. 45% of municipal waste was deposited in the landfills. The method of waste incineration is among the major tools to reduce the landfill waste. The use or processing of the product which the process of incineration of municipal and hazardous waste generated can be considered as an obstacle to the favorable reception of this process. Apart from flammable components, waste also contains certain amount of dangerous particles. This is especially the sulfur chlorides, fluorine, PCBs and other heavy decomposable organic substances and heavy metals. This fact puts high demands on the gas cleaning processes followed by neutralization of other products that the incinerator leaves, in which these substances can be contained in higher concentrations than in the original waste. For this reason subsequent stabilization of these toxic substances is necessary to ensure new environmental burdens are avoided when not used properly. The major part of the waste combustion process is made up of ash and slag. One of the most common ways of dealing with these solid residues is disposing them to avoid creating new hazardous waste landfills. Other filtering waste also passes hazardous waste stabilization process before landfilling. Currently there is intensive search for new possibilities for utilization of solid residues from incineration. Nowadays there is emphasis on process control of their pretreatment for the production of draft procedure with its management. Appropriate procedures may minimize the instances of improper use.
- MeSH
- nebezpečný odpad MeSH
- odpadky - odstraňování * MeSH
- popel uhelný MeSH
- skládková zařízení MeSH
- spalování odpadů MeSH
- těžké kovy * MeSH
- tuhý odpad MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
... 126 -- Services 126 -- Laboratory biosecurity 127 -- Fire prevention and fire protection 127 -- Flammable ...
3rd ed. viii, 178 s. : tab., grafy ; 23 cm
- MeSH
- laboratoře normy MeSH
- laboratorní infekce prevence a kontrola MeSH
- manuály jako téma MeSH
- omezování biologických rizik metody MeSH
- Publikační typ
- laboratorní příručky MeSH
- Konspekt
- Lékařské vědy. Lékařství
- NLK Obory
- biomedicínské inženýrství
- chemie, klinická chemie
- infekční lékařství
- NLK Publikační typ
- publikace WHO