BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for head and neck cancer (HNC). To our knowledge, low cigarette smoking (<10 cigarettes per day) has not been extensively investigated in fine categories or among never alcohol drinkers. METHODS: We conducted a pooled analysis of individual participant data from 23 independent case-control studies including 19 660 HNC cases and 25 566 controls. After exclusion of subjects using other tobacco products including cigars, pipes, snuffed or chewed tobacco and straw cigarettes (tobacco product used in Brazil), as well as subjects smoking more than 10 cigarettes per day, 4093 HNC cases and 13 416 controls were included in the analysis. The lifetime average frequency of cigarette consumption was categorized as follows: never cigarette users, >0-3, >3-5, >5-10 cigarettes per day. RESULTS: Smoking >0-3 cigarettes per day was associated with a 50% increased risk of HNC in the study population [odds ratio (OR) = 1.52, 95% confidence interval (CI): (1.21, 1.90). Smoking >3-5 cigarettes per day was associated in each subgroup from OR = 2.01 (95% CI: 1.22, 3.31) among never alcohol drinkers to OR = 2.74 (95% CI: 2.01, 3.74) among women and in each cancer site, particularly laryngeal cancer (OR = 3.48, 95% CI: 2.40, 5.05). However, the observed increased risk of HNC for low smoking frequency was not found among smokers with smoking duration shorter than 20 years. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest a public health message that low frequency of cigarette consumption contributes to the development of HNC. However, smoking duration seems to play at least an equal or a stronger role in the development of HNC.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kouření cigaret epidemiologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• logistické modely MeSH
• nádory hlavy a krku epidemiologie   MeSH
• odds ratio MeSH
• pití alkoholu epidemiologie   MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• veřejné zdravotnictví MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH

Background: Social influences are among the most important factors associated with children's and adolescents' smoking. Social norms in families, peer groups, professional and municipal communities influence the individuals ones by the process of socialization obtained mainly by interactions and observations. Especially social context of the home environment expressed by household smoking restriction serves as a socialization mechanism that dissuades from the using of tobacco. Parental anti-smoking socialization practices (their attitudes and knowledge about children smoking, discussion about smoking in appropriate quality and frequency, smoking environment in homes) are influenced by their education and family status. Methods: Markers of social environment (the level of mothers' and fathers' education, family status) were investigated during interview with 5th graders included in the cohort participating in the programme "Non-smoking Is Normal". Data about the self-reported exposure to passive smoking at homes and cars were taken into consideration. Information about discussions with parents about smoking, opinions about adults smoking, experimentation with smoking, and concurrent decision about smoking in the future were obtained from 766 children aged 11 years. Those who did not know parental education or family status were excluded from the evaluation. Differences were evaluated using the chi-square, Mantel-Haenszel, Fisher and Yates corrected tests in the statistic software Epi Info, version 6. Results: The level of mothers' and fathers' education significantly influenced the exposure of children to passive smoking. Compared to families of higher educated parents, children living in families with middle and low levels of parents' education were significantly more exposed to environmental tobacco smoke at home and in car (RR 1.38; 95% CI 1.04–1.83) and fewer of them live in non-smoking environments. In the whole cohort, 67.5% children have not smoked even one puff yet, 17.2% reported one single attempt, and 15.4% smoked repeatedly. The level of parents' education had no influence on children's concurrent smoking experimentation or on their concurrent decision about smoking in the future. There was also no difference in number of children who obtained cigarettes from their parents and parents' level of education (about 6%). When the level of maternal education was combined with the family status, significant differences were found. Compared to children living with two biological parents (highly educated mother), children from other groups more often reported current experimentating with smoking and lower number of those decided not to smoke in the future. No significant differences were found in other markers of knowledge and attitudes between children from analysed social family groups. Conclusion: In our study, the parental education has significantly influenced exposure of children to passive smoking at homes and in cars, but had no effect on children's opinions and attitudes about smoking. Higher education of mothers and family status significantly lowered the frequency of current experimentation and decision about future smoking among children living in families with two biological parents of whom mother attained higher education. It is necessary to seek ways for improving parental concern about smoking prevention.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• kouření epidemiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• rodina MeSH
• sociální prostředí MeSH
• stupeň vzdělání MeSH
• zdraví - znalosti, postoje, praxe MeSH
• znečištění tabákovým kouřem statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Cíl. Práce prezentuje trendy v kuøáctví dìtí a dospívajících v ÈR v období 1994–2006. Pozornost je vìnována také psychosociálnímu kontextu kouøení. Metody. Analýzy se opírají o data získaná pøi øešení mezinárodního projektu WHO The Health Behaviour in School-aged Children, kterého se ÈR úèastní od roku 1994. Metodou získání dat bylo školní dotazové šetøení. Soubor. Reprezentativní vzorky z let 1994, 1998, 2002 a 2006 mají velikost 3585, 3703, 5012 a 4782 žákù. Výsledky. Prevalence pravidelného kouøení (kouøení alespoò 1krát týdnì a èastìji) byla ve vìkové skupinì 11 let velmi nízká a prakticky bez podstatných zmìn bìhem sledovaného období. Ve vìkové skupinì 13 a 15 let vzrùstala prevalence kuøáctví mezi roky 1994 až 2002 velmi výraznì (z 5,8 % na 11,1 % u 13letých, resp. ze 13,9 % na 29,7 % u 15letých). Mezi roky 2002 a 2006 došlo k obratu v trendu a byl zaznamenán zøetelný pokles. Pokles prevalence byl markantní ve vìkové skupinì 15letých, kde u dívek kouøení kleslo z 30,6 % na 23, 5 % a u chlapcù z 28,6 % na 19,7 %. Vyšší výskyt kuøáctví byl spojen s vývojem v neúplné nebo restrukturalizované rodinì, kouøením sociálnì blízkých osob (rodièe, vrstevníci). U kuøákù se ve vìtší míøe vyskytovaly psychosomatické symptomy, nadužívání alkoholu, kouøení marihuany a užívání extáze. Závìry. Pokles prevalence kuøáctví u dìtí a dospívajících po roce 2002 je pozitivní zmìna, která byla patrnì ovlivnìna regulaèními opatøeními v dostupnosti tabákových výrobkù (zvýšení legálního vìku ze 16 na 18 let, vyšší zdanìní tabákových výrobkù), omezením reklamy (zákaz velkoplošných plakátù a reklamy v èasopisech), ale také kvalitnìjšími preventivními programy ve školách.

Objective. The study is focused on trends in smoking among adolescents in the Czech Republic from 1994 through 2006. Specific attention is given to psychosocial context of smoking. Methods. Analyses are based on a dataset from the WHO project Health Behaviour in School-aged Children. The Czech Republic has participated in the study since 1994. Data were collected in schools in form of an anonymous survey. Sample. The sample size of school-aged children from years 1994, 1998, 2002 and 2006 is as follows: 3,585 3,703 5,012 and 4,782 individuals respectively. Results. The prevalence of regular smoking (frequency at least once per week) was rather low and practically stable within the given period among children aged 11. In age groups 13 and 15 years the prevalence markedly increased between 1994 and 2002 (from 5.8 % to 11.1 % in 13 years old, and from 13.9 % to 29.7 % in 15 years old). Since 2002 the trend has changed and a substantial decrease in prevalence was observed. This decrease was most striking among 15 years old, where in girls prevalence dropped from 30.6 % to 23. 5 %, and 28.6 % and 19.7 % in boys. A highest rate of smoking was found among those who lived in incomplete or restructured families and among those whose parents or close friends are smokers. Smokers more frequently reported psychosomatic complaints, excessive alcohol consumption and use of illicit drugs, especially marijuana and/or ecstasy. Conclusions. The decrease in the prevalence of smoking in children and adolescents after the year 2002 is definitely a positive change. The reasons for this change may be attributed to several factors including regulation of availability of tobacco products for minors, restriction of marketing and more efficient prevention programmes.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• epidemiologické studie MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• kouření MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• návykové chování MeSH
• pití alkoholu MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• sociální problémy MeSH
• zohlednění rizika MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• mladiství MeSH

Backround: Worldwide, approximately 1 billion people, from which 200­250 million are women, smoke. Based on the Estonian Medical Birth Register data, in 2010, 7,5% of pregnant women were smokers, and in 2012, 7% of pregnant women were smoking during their pregnancy. Thus, smoking rates among pregnant women fell only 0,5%. The objective of the research was to find out the views of pregnant women who were smoking during pregnancy of the effect of smoking on the health of them and their babies, and experiences in quitting smoking, changing indicators, e.g. smoking and socioeconomical status (initial exposure to smoking, employment, long­term partnerships etc.) in 2009­2013. Methods: This research is a phenomenological study, which was being carried out from October 2009 until January 2013. Data collection methods were semi­structured interviews with 45 pregnant women smoking during their pregnancy and being registered for antenatal care in three health care institutions of Republic of Estonia. An inductive approach for qualitative analysis was used. Results: Most women smoking during pregnancy started smoking in their teens, their parents smoked, they were under 30 years old housewives or unemployed. On an average of 11­20 cigarettes were consumed each day, the pregnancy of the research group did not influence frequency and tobacco intake. The participants in the research group reported that tobacco consumption helped them relax, gave them a chance to spend time in a good company, and it was not regarded as a bad habit but a social addiction, being caused by availability of tobacco products. Although most of them had an opinion about harmful effects of smoking, e.g. a cough, asthma and rapid fatigue, on the health of them and less on their expected babies, they continued smoking. Conclusions: The smoking and socioeconomical status of women smoking during pregnancy in 2009­2013 has not changed, health awareness of them is low and has not improved. Support groups with close relatives are needed to motivate cessation. In the first place, prevention needs a good example, purposeful cooperation, which starts in daily life context at homes, in educational institutions and in the community. Limiting the availability of tobacco products, postponing and preventing an initial exposure to smoking are thought to be of great importance. The results of the research will be introduced in health care institutions and they can be used in the health promotion process.

• MeSH
• epidemiologické studie MeSH
• kouření * epidemiologie   psychologie   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• motivace MeSH
• odvykání kouření psychologie   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• poruchy vyvolané užíváním tabáku epidemiologie   patofyziologie   psychologie   MeSH
• postoj ke zdraví * MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• socioekonomické faktory MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to assess the frequency of smoking cessation and to identify the factors affecting smoking cessation success among individuals seeking assistance at a smoking cessation centre. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 1,570 individuals who applied to the smoking cessation centre in Izmir, Turkey, between 2009 and 2018, and completed three follow-ups. Data were obtained from the centre's records. Factors affecting smoking cessation success were analysed using logistic regression in multivariate analysis. RESULTS: The median age to start smoking was 19 (17-22), and the median number of cigarettes consumed per day was 20 (20-30). Among the participants, 59.9% exhibited a high/very high level of nicotine dependence, and 79.6% had attempted to quit smoking previously. The median number of patient follow-ups was 7 (5-10). Of the patients, 34.0% successfully quit smoking for one year. According to the multivariate analysis results, smoking cessation success increased with being married by 2.26 times (95% CI: 1.51-3.38, p < 0.001), the absence of other smokers in the household by 1.38 times (95% CI: 1.01-1.88, p = 0.04), having a low level of nicotine dependence by 1.75 times (95% CI: 1.23-2.48, p = 0.002), and more patient follow-ups by 1.61 times (95% CI: 1.52-1.72, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Smoking cessation success is increased by the support and follow-up provided by healthcare professionals, the absence of other smokers in the household, and a low level of nicotine dependency.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• odvykání kouření * statistika a číselné údaje   metody   MeSH
• poruchy vyvolané užíváním tabáku epidemiologie   terapie   MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Turecko MeSH

Despite worldwide anti-smoking campaigns, cigarette smoking prevalence is increasing in the third-world countries. It is now regarded as the most important public health issue. Here, we study the current smoking situation and investigate the impact of cigarette smoking on semen quality and hormonal levels among adult people. Furthermore, we suggest various strategies to reduce smoking consumption among young individuals. A cross-sectional data from 804 adult smoker subjects (male n=530 and female n=274) aged between 15 and 45 years were analyzed. One hundred and eleven males were agreed for further evaluation of their semen quality and hormones compared with 93 age-matched non-smoking males. This study showed that the major factors initiating smoking among women were friends' influence (49%), life pressures (16%) and parental imitation (14%). The major reasons in men was friends' influence (65%). Furthermore, 61% of women and 89% of men smoke in public implying social acceptance or even en-couragement of this habit. This study also found that low-income Jordanians consume more tobacco materials than those in the middle- and higher income. Furthermore, smokers had significantly lower (p<0.001) sperm concentration and motility values and higher (p<0.001) serum testosterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels than non-smokers.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kouření epidemiologie   psychologie   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• luteinizační hormon krev   účinky léků   MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• sociální prostředí MeSH
• socioekonomické faktory MeSH
• sperma účinky léků   MeSH
• testosteron krev   MeSH
• vyrovnaná skupina MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Jordánsko MeSH

Thrombotic diathesis has been a well-known complication of oral contraceptive use for more than 50 years. This is true not only for venous thrombosis but also for an arterial one. The etiology is usually multifactorial and depends on several additional risk factors. We analyzed the prevalence of inherited and acquired thrombophilia in a cohort of 770 females who had a thrombotic event in association with oral contraceptive use (700 women with venous thromboembolism [VTE], 70 with stroke). Moreover, we tried to identify additional risk factors. Inherited thrombophilia was found in 44.5% with higher frequency in the cohort with VTE (42%) than in females with stroke (24%). The most frequent finding was factor V Leiden. Cigarette smoking was significantly more frequent in the group with stroke (50% vs 25%). The prevalence of cigarette smoking in the group with VTE did not exceed the frequency in general population. Women on oral contraceptive pills have higher risk of venous as well as arterial thrombosis. The risk of venous thrombosis is increased in females with inherited thrombophilia, whereas those with some additional acquired risk factors (especially smoking) may be predisposed to arterial thrombosis. However, the absolute risk of thrombosis in healthy women is low, far less than the risk of unintended pregnancy. Moreover, the risk may be reduced by keeping some rules before the prescription of the pills, healthy life style, and a proper choice of contraception.

• MeSH
• cévní mozková příhoda chemicky indukované   etiologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• faktor V škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• kohortové studie MeSH
• kontraceptiva orální škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• kouření cigaret škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• trombofilie komplikace   MeSH
• žilní tromboembolie chemicky indukované   etiologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

OBJECTIVES: Smoking cessation is an essential part of cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention. At the Center for Tobacco-Dependent (CTD), clients are screened to identify and reduce cardiovascular (CV) risk factors. In our study we have focused on the role of the CTD in reducing global CV risk. METHODS: 1,334 CTD patients aged 25-64 years (52.2% men, mean age 44±12 years, Fagerström Test for Cigarette Dependence 6±2) were included in a retrospective cross-sectional survey. Medical history, blood samples and physical examination were analysed. Blood pressure, weight and exhaled CO were measured at each visit (12-months-follow-up). Patients' CV risk was scored. CO-verified abstinence according to CV risk and prevalence of detected CV risk factors were examined. RESULTS: Among patients who had attended at least their first visit and a visit after one year, 37.9% (506/1,334) had stopped smoking. Among patients with a SCORE of <5%, the success rate was 44.3% (254/574) and 41.2% for patients at high CV risk (105/255, p=0.41). There was a trend towards a lower success rate among patients with CVD, but this difference was not significant. The smoking cessation rate among low and high CV risk patients at the baseline visit was identical (46.2%, resp. 47.3%, p=0.81). 3.1% (42/1,334) of patients were referred to a specialist for hypertension. 62.5% (223/357), without a prior history, were found to have dyslipidemia. CONCLUSIONS: High CV risk patients have the same chance to stop smoking as low risk patients.

• MeSH
• chování snižující riziko MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kardiovaskulární nemoci epidemiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• logistické modely MeSH
• multivariační analýza MeSH
• následné studie MeSH
• odvykání kouření statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• poruchy vyvolané užíváním tabáku epidemiologie   terapie   MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

AIMS: To determine whether the Joint European Societies guidelines on cardiovascular prevention are being followed in everyday clinical practice of secondary prevention and to describe the lifestyle, risk factor and therapeutic management of coronary patients across Europe. METHODS AND RESULTS: EUROASPIRE IV was a cross-sectional study undertaken at 78 centres from 24 European countries. Patients <80 years with coronary disease who had coronary artery bypass graft, percutaneous coronary intervention or an acute coronary syndrome were identified from hospital records and interviewed and examined ≥ 6 months later. A total of 16,426 medical records were reviewed and 7998 patients (24.4% females) interviewed. At interview, 16.0% of patients smoked cigarettes, and 48.6% of those smoking at the time of the event were persistent smokers. Little or no physical activity was reported by 59.9%; 37.6% were obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m(2)) and 58.2% centrally obese (waist circumference ≥ 102 cm in men or ≥88 cm in women); 42.7% had blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg (≥140/80 in people with diabetes); 80.5% had low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥ 1.8 mmol/l and 26.8% reported having diabetes. Cardioprotective medication was: anti-platelets 93.8%; beta-blockers 82.6%; angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers 75.1%; and statins 85.7%. Of the patients 50.7% were advised to participate in a cardiac rehabilitation programme and 81.3% of those advised attended at least one-half of the sessions. CONCLUSION: A large majority of coronary patients do not achieve the guideline standards for secondary prevention with high prevalences of persistent smoking, unhealthy diets, physical inactivity and consequently most patients are overweight or obese with a high prevalence of diabetes. Risk factor control is inadequate despite high reported use of medications and there are large variations in secondary prevention practice between centres. Less than one-half of the coronary patients access cardiac prevention and rehabilitation programmes. All coronary and vascular patients require a modern preventive cardiology programme, appropriately adapted to medical and cultural settings in each country, to achieve healthier lifestyles, better risk factor control and adherence with cardioprotective medications.

• MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• chování snižující riziko * MeSH
• cvičení MeSH
• dieta škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• dodržování směrnic MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• kardiologie trendy   MeSH
• kardiovaskulární látky terapeutické užití   MeSH
• komorbidita MeSH
• koronární nemoc diagnóza   epidemiologie   terapie   MeSH
• kouření škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• lékařská praxe - způsoby provádění trendy   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• odvykání kouření MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• průzkumy zdravotní péče MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• sedavý životní styl MeSH
• sekundární prevence trendy   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• směrnice pro lékařskou praxi jako téma MeSH
• společnosti lékařské * MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• pozorovací studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH