root system architecture Dotaz Zobrazit nápovědu
The At-Hook Motif Nuclear Localized Protein (AHL) gene family encodes embryophyte-specific nuclear proteins with DNA binding activity. They modulate gene expression and affect various developmental processes in plants. We identify AHL18 (At3G60870) as a developmental modulator of root system architecture and growth. AHL18 is involved in regulation of the length of the proliferation domain and number of dividing cells in the root apical meristem and thereby, cell production. Both primary root growth and lateral root development respond according to AHL18 transcription level. The ahl18 knock-out plants show reduced root systems due to a shorter primary root and a lower number of lateral roots. This change results from a higher number of arrested and non-developing lateral root primordia (LRP) rather than from a decreased LRP initiation. The over-expression of AHL18 results in a more extensive root system, longer primary roots, and increased density of lateral root initiation events. AHL18 is thus involved in the formation of lateral roots at both LRP initiation and their later development. We conclude that AHL18 participates in modulation of root system architecture through regulation of root apical meristem activity, lateral root initiation and emergence; these correspond well with expression pattern of AHL18.
- MeSH
- Arabidopsis genetika růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- AT-hook motivy MeSH
- DNA vazebné proteiny chemie genetika metabolismus MeSH
- kořeny rostlin genetika růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- mutace MeSH
- proteiny huseníčku chemie genetika metabolismus MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
- vývojová regulace genové exprese MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
As non-photosynthesizing organs, roots are dependent on diffusion of oxygen from the external environment and, in some instances, from the shoot for their aerobic metabolism. Establishment of hypoxic niches in the developing tissues of plants has been postulated as a consequence of insufficient diffusion of oxygen to satisfy the demands throughout development. Here, we report that such niches are established at specific stages of lateral root primordia development in Arabidopsis thaliana grown under aerobic conditions. Using gain- and loss-of-function mutants, we show that ERF-VII transcription factors, which mediate hypoxic responses, control root architecture by acting in cells with a high level of auxin signaling. ERF-VIIs repress the expression of the auxin-induced genes LBD16, LBD18, and PUCHI, which are essential for lateral root development, by binding to their promoters. Our results support a model in which the establishment of hypoxic niches in the developing lateral root primordia contributes to the shutting down of key auxin-induced genes and regulates the production of lateral roots.
- MeSH
- Arabidopsis cytologie genetika metabolismus MeSH
- hypoxie buňky MeSH
- kořeny rostlin cytologie MeSH
- kyseliny indoloctové metabolismus MeSH
- proteiny huseníčku metabolismus MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
- signální transdukce * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
An alteration in the structural arrangement of blood vessels identified by RECA immunohistochemistry was studied in a rat L4 dorsal root ganglia (L4-DRG) neuropathic pain model. We compared a three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction of the vascular architecture surrounding bodies of the primary sensory neurons in the L4-DRG of naïve rats with that of rats that had surgically undergone unilateral sciatic nerve ligature. Rhodamine-conjugated dextran (Fluoro-Ruby) was used for retrograde labelling of neurons, the axons of which had been injured by nerve ligature. In contrast to DRG from naïve rats and contralateral DRG from operated rats, an increased proportion of RECA+ vascular area and the appearance of nest-like arrangements of blood vessels around neuronal bodies with injured axons were observed in L4-DRG ipsilateral to the sciatic nerve ligature. Fractal analysis confirmed a higher degree of vascular branching, irregularity, and tortuosity in L4-DRG related with sciatic nerve injury. The results suggest that nerve injury induces changes in vascular architecture in associated DRG.
- MeSH
- cévy inervace patofyziologie MeSH
- funkční lateralita MeSH
- hyperalgezie patofyziologie MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- nemoci periferního nervového systému patofyziologie MeSH
- nervové receptory cytologie patologie fyziologie MeSH
- nervus ischiadicus patofyziologie MeSH
- neurony fyziologie MeSH
- počítačové zpracování obrazu MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- spinální ganglia anatomie a histologie krevní zásobení MeSH
- Wallerova degenerace patofyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Background and Aims: Selected beneficial Pseudomonas spp. strains have the ability to influence root architecture in Arabidopsis thaliana by inhibiting primary root elongation and promoting lateral root and root hair formation. A crucial role for auxin in this long-term (1week), long-distance plant-microbe interaction has been demonstrated. Methods: Arabidopsis seedlings were cultivated in vitro on vertical plates and inoculated with pathogenic strains Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola (Psm) and P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst), as well as Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Atu) and Escherichia coli (Eco). Root hair lengths were measured after 24 and 48h of direct exposure to each bacterial strain. Several Arabidopsis mutants with impaired responses to pathogens, impaired ethylene perception and defects in the exocyst vesicle tethering complex that is involved in secretion were also analysed. Key Results: Arabidopsis seedling roots infected with Psm or Pst responded similarly to when infected with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria; root hair growth was stimulated and primary root growth was inhibited. Other plant- and soil-adapted bacteria induced similar root hair responses. The most compromised root hair growth stimulation response was found for the knockout mutants exo70A1 and ein2. The single immune pathways dependent on salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and PAD4 are not directly involved in root hair growth stimulation; however, in the mutual cross-talk with ethylene, they indirectly modify the extent of the stimulation of root hair growth. The Flg22 peptide does not initiate root hair stimulation as intact bacteria do, but pretreatment with Flg22 prior to Psm inoculation abolished root hair growth stimulation in an FLS2 receptor kinase-dependent manner. These early response phenomena are not associated with changes in auxin levels, as monitored with the pDR5::GUS auxin reporter. Conclusions: Early stimulation of root hair growth is an effect of an unidentified component of living plant pathogenic bacteria. The root hair growth response is triggered in the range of hours after bacterial contact with roots and can be modulated by FLS2 signalling. Bacterial stimulation of root hair growth requires functional ethylene signalling and an efficient exocyst-dependent secretory machinery.
- MeSH
- Arabidopsis genetika růst a vývoj mikrobiologie MeSH
- genový knockout MeSH
- interakce hostitele a patogenu * MeSH
- kořeny rostlin růst a vývoj mikrobiologie MeSH
- mutace MeSH
- proteinkinasy genetika MeSH
- proteiny huseníčku genetika MeSH
- Pseudomonas syringae * MeSH
- receptory buněčného povrchu genetika MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
- signální transdukce MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Potato (Solanum tuberosum) mutant (ST) lacking one isoform of manganese-stabilizing protein (MSPI) of photosystem II exhibited besides spontaneous tuberization also growth changes with strongly impaired root system development. Previous studies revealed marked changes in carbohydrate levels and allocation within ST plant body. To verify causal relationship between changed carbohydrate balance and root growth restriction we engaged dark grown sucrose-supplied root organ-cultures of ST plants to exclude/confirm shoot effects. Unexpectedly, in ST root cultures we observed large alterations in growth and architecture as well as saccharide status similar to those found in the intact plant roots. The gene expression analysis, however, proved PsbO1 transcript (coding MSPI protein) neither in ST nor in WT root-organ cultures. Therefore, the results point to indirect effects of PsbO1 allele absence connected possibly with some epigenetic modulations.
- MeSH
- alely MeSH
- fotosyntéza genetika účinky záření MeSH
- fotosystém II (proteinový komplex) genetika metabolismus MeSH
- hlízy rostlin genetika růst a vývoj MeSH
- kořeny rostlin růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- kultivované buňky MeSH
- mangan metabolismus MeSH
- metabolismus sacharidů genetika MeSH
- mutace MeSH
- mutantní proteiny chemie genetika metabolismus MeSH
- protein - isoformy genetika metabolismus MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin genetika fyziologie MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- sacharosa metabolismus MeSH
- Solanum tuberosum genetika růst a vývoj MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
uživatele 73 -- Jak se můžu přihlásit jako jiný uživatel 73 -- Jak se přihlásím jako superuživatel - root 110 -- Jak se dostane root к mému crontab?
Vyd. 1. 224 s. : il. ; 23 cm
Příručka se zabývá problematikou příkazového řádku v Linuxu, kterým lze provádět složitější úkoly - práci se soubory a adresáři, nastavení sítě, vytváření a úpravu uživatelských účtů atd. Je určena začínajícím i zkušeným uživatelům.
- MeSH
- počítačové systémy MeSH
- Konspekt
- Programové vybavení. Programové prostředky
- NLK Publikační typ
- příručky
unixovém systému 151 -- Kapitola 3 -- Přehled adresářové struktury 155 -- Pozadí 155 -- Souborový systém root
3. aktualiz. vyd. xviii, 1001 s. : il. ; 24 cm
- Konspekt
- Programové vybavení. Programové prostředky
- NLK Publikační typ
- příručky
. 79 -- 4.3.3 Podporované typy svazků v systému SCO UNIX System V/386 Ver. 4.0 80 -- 4.4 Vytvářem svazků -- 5.1.3 Načtení jádra do operační paměti počítače .115 -- 5.1.4 Připojem systémového svazku /dev/root Semaphores) 198 -- 7.4.9 Parametry pro sdílenou paměť (Shared data) .199 -- 7.4.10 Jméno systému (System
[1. vyd.] 351 s. : tab. ; 22 cm
- MeSH
- počítačové komunikační sítě MeSH
- počítačové systémy MeSH
- Publikační typ
- příručky MeSH
- Konspekt
- Lékařské vědy. Lékařství
- NLK Obory
- lékařská informatika
Contents -- Chapter 1 - THE HIP 2 -- The hip joint (coxofemoral joint) 2 -- The hip: the joint at the root femoral head 18 -- The acetabulum . 18 -- Relationships of the articular surfaces . 20 -- The architecture THE KNEE . 66 -- The axes of the knee joint . 68 -- Axial rotation of the knee . 74 -- General architecture knee (continued) 112 -- Anteroposterior stability of the knee . 114 -- The peri-articular defence system
Seventh edition xii, 323 stran : ilustrace ; 28 cm
The seventh edition of this volume deals with the lower limb and has been expanded with the inclusion of new diagrams and topics. This book is intended for medical and physical therapy students; and for practising physicians and surgeons wishing to increase their knowledge of the functional anatomy of the locomotor system. Nakladatelská anotace. Kráceno.
. 46 -- The pelvic girdle in the two sexes 48 -- Mechanical model of the pelvic girdle . 50 -- Architecture collar . 134 -- The various types of disc prolapse 136 -- Disc prolapse and the mechanism of nerve root
Seventh edition xi, 336 stran, 3 nečíslované listy obrazové přílohy : ilustrace ; 28 cm
The seventh edition of this volume deals with the head and the spinal column and has been expanded with the inclusion of new diagrams and particular topics. This book is intended for medical and physical therapy students; and for practising physicians and surgeons wishing to increase their knowledge of the functional anatomy of the locomotor system. Nakladatelská anotace. Kráceno.
