Potato (Solanum tuberosum) mutant (ST) lacking one isoform of manganese-stabilizing protein (MSPI) of photosystem II exhibited besides spontaneous tuberization also growth changes with strongly impaired root system development. Previous studies revealed marked changes in carbohydrate levels and allocation within ST plant body. To verify causal relationship between changed carbohydrate balance and root growth restriction we engaged dark grown sucrose-supplied root organ-cultures of ST plants to exclude/confirm shoot effects. Unexpectedly, in ST root cultures we observed large alterations in growth and architecture as well as saccharide status similar to those found in the intact plant roots. The gene expression analysis, however, proved PsbO1 transcript (coding MSPI protein) neither in ST nor in WT root-organ cultures. Therefore, the results point to indirect effects of PsbO1 allele absence connected possibly with some epigenetic modulations.
- MeSH
- alely MeSH
- fotosyntéza genetika účinky záření MeSH
- fotosystém II (proteinový komplex) genetika metabolismus MeSH
- hlízy rostlin genetika růst a vývoj MeSH
- kořeny rostlin růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- kultivované buňky MeSH
- mangan metabolismus MeSH
- metabolismus sacharidů genetika MeSH
- mutace MeSH
- mutantní proteiny chemie genetika metabolismus MeSH
- protein - isoformy genetika metabolismus MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin genetika fyziologie MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- sacharosa metabolismus MeSH
- Solanum tuberosum genetika růst a vývoj MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
In-depth knowledge of cell metabolism and nutrient uptake mechanisms can lead to the development of a tool for improving acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation performance and help to overcome bottlenecks in the process, such as the high cost of substrates and low production rates. Over 300 genes potentially encoding transport of amino acids, metal ions, vitamins and carbohydrates were identified in the genome of the butanol-producing strain Clostridium beijerinckii NRRL B-598, based on similarity searches in protein function databases. Transcriptomic data of the genes were obtained during ABE fermentation by RNA-Seq experiments and covered acidogenesis, solventogenesis and sporulation. The physiological roles of the selected 81 actively expressed transport genes were established on the basis of their expression profiles at particular stages of ABE fermentation. This article describes how genes encoding the uptake of glucose, iron, riboflavin, glutamine, methionine and other nutrients take part in growth, production and stress responses of C. beijerinckii NRRL B-598. These data increase our knowledge of transport mechanisms in solventogenic Clostridium and may be used in the selection of individual genes for further research.
- MeSH
- aminokyseliny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- butanoly metabolismus MeSH
- Clostridium beijerinckii genetika metabolismus MeSH
- fermentace MeSH
- genetická transkripce * MeSH
- kovy metabolismus MeSH
- metabolismus sacharidů genetika MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u bakterií genetika MeSH
- sacharidy genetika MeSH
- vitaminy genetika metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Potato represents the third most important crop worldwide and therefore to understand regulations of tuber onset is crucial from both theoretical and practical points of view. Photosynthesis and related carbohydrate status along with phytohormone balance belong to the essential factors in regulation of plant development including storage organ formation. In our work we used potato (Solanum tuberosum) cv. Lada and its spontaneously tuberizing mutant (ST plants) grown in vitro under low carbohydrate availability (non-inductive conditions). Small plant phenotype and readiness to tuberization of ST plants was, however, not accompanied by lower gibberellins levels, as determined by UHPLC-MS/MS. Therefore, we focused on the other inducing factor, carbohydrate status. Using HPLC, we followed changes in carbohydrate distribution under mixotrophic (2.5% sucrose in medium) and photoautotrophic conditions (no sucrose addition and higher gas and light availability) and observed changes in soluble carbohydrate allocation and starch deposition, favouring basal stem part in mutants. In addition, the determination of tuber-inducing marker gene expressions revealed increased levels of StSP6A in ST leaves. Collectively these data point towards the possibility of two parallel cross-talking pathways (carbohydrate - and gibberellin- dependent ones) with the power of both to outcompete the other one when its signal is for some reason extraordinary strong.
- MeSH
- geneticky modifikované rostliny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- gibereliny metabolismus MeSH
- hlízy rostlin genetika metabolismus MeSH
- metabolismus sacharidů genetika fyziologie MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin genetika fyziologie MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- Solanum tuberosum genetika metabolismus MeSH
- tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The obligate intracellular pathogen, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, is the causative agent of human, equine, and canine granulocytic anaplasmosis and tick-borne fever (TBF) in ruminants. A. phagocytophilum has become an emerging tick-borne pathogen in the United States, Europe, Africa, and Asia, with increasing numbers of infected people and animals every year. It has been recognized that intracellular pathogens manipulate host cell metabolic pathways to increase infection and transmission in both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. However, our current knowledge on how A. phagocytophilum affect these processes in the tick vector, Ixodes scapularis is limited. In this study, a genome-wide search for components of major carbohydrate metabolic pathways was performed in I. scapularis ticks for which the genome was recently published. The enzymes involved in the seven major carbohydrate metabolic pathways glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate, tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), glyceroneogenesis, and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and β-oxidation were identified. Then, the available transcriptomics and proteomics data was used to characterize the mRNA and protein levels of I. scapularis major carbohydrate metabolic pathway components in response to A. phagocytophilum infection of tick tissues and cultured cells. The results showed that major carbohydrate metabolic pathways are conserved in ticks. A. phagocytophilum infection inhibits gluconeogenesis and mitochondrial metabolism, but increases the expression of glycolytic genes. A model was proposed to explain how A. phagocytophilum could simultaneously control tick cell glucose metabolism and cytoskeleton organization, which may be achieved in part by up-regulating and stabilizing hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha in a hypoxia-independent manner. The present work provides a more comprehensive view of the major carbohydrate metabolic pathways involved in the response to A. phagocytophilum infection in ticks, and provides the basis for further studies to develop novel strategies for the control of granulocytic anaplasmosis.
- MeSH
- Anaplasma phagocytophilum patogenita fyziologie MeSH
- anaplasmóza metabolismus MeSH
- buněčné linie MeSH
- citrátový cyklus genetika MeSH
- glukoneogeneze genetika MeSH
- glykolýza genetika MeSH
- interakce hostitele a patogenu genetika MeSH
- klíště enzymologie genetika metabolismus mikrobiologie MeSH
- metabolické sítě a dráhy genetika MeSH
- metabolismus sacharidů genetika MeSH
- mitochondrie genetika metabolismus MeSH
- pentózofosfátový cyklus genetika MeSH
- proteiny členovců chemie genetika metabolismus MeSH
- proteomika metody MeSH
- regulace genové exprese fyziologie MeSH
- sacharidy MeSH
- slinné žlázy mikrobiologie MeSH
- terciární struktura proteinů MeSH
- transkriptom genetika MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
During the course of a study assessing the bacterial diversity of a coniferous forest soil (pH 3.8) in the Bohemian Forest National Park (Czech Republic), we isolated strain S15(T) which corresponded to one of the most abundant soil OTUs. Strain S15(T) is represented by Gram-negative, motile, rod-like cells that are 0.3-0.5μm in diameter and 0.9-1.1μm in length. Its pH range for growth was 3-6, with optimal conditions found at approximately 4-5. It can grow at temperatures between 20°C and 28°C, with optimum growth at 22-24°C. Its respiratory quinone is MK-8, and its main fatty acid is iso-C15:0 (73.7%). The G+C DNA content was 58.2mol%. According to the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain S15(T) belongs to subdivision 1 of the phylum Acidobacteria, being affiliated to the cluster of Acidipila rosea AP8(T) and Acidobacterium capsulatum ATCC 51196(T). Analysis of the S15(T) genome revealed the presence of 404 genes that are involved in carbohydrate metabolism, which indicates the metabolic potential to degrade polysaccharides of plant and fungal origin. Based on genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, the strain S15(T) represents a new genus and species within the family Acidobacteriaceae, for which the name Silvibacterium bohemicum gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed (type strain S15(T)=LMG 28607(T)=CECT 8790(T)).
- MeSH
- Acidobacteria klasifikace genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- cévnaté rostliny MeSH
- DNA bakterií genetika MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- genom bakteriální genetika MeSH
- lesy MeSH
- mastné kyseliny analýza MeSH
- metabolismus sacharidů genetika MeSH
- polysacharidy metabolismus MeSH
- půdní mikrobiologie * MeSH
- RNA ribozomální 16S genetika MeSH
- sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
- techniky typizace bakterií MeSH
- veřejné parky MeSH
- zastoupení bazí genetika MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
As sessile organisms, plants must sense environmental conditions and adjust their growth and development processes accordingly, through adaptive responses regulated by various internal factors, including hormones. A key environmental factor is temperature, but temperature-sensing mechanisms are not fully understood despite intense research. We investigated proteomic responses to temperature shocks (15 min cold or heat treatments) with and without exogenous applications of cytokinin in Arabidopsis. Image and mass spectrometric analysis of the two-dimensionally separated proteins detected 139 differentially regulated spots, in which 148 proteins were identified, most of which have not been previously linked to temperature perception. More than 70% of the temperature-shock response proteins were modulated by cytokinin, mostly in a similar manner as heat shock. Data mining of previous transcriptomic datasets supported extensive interactions between temperature and cytokinin signalling. The biological significance of this finding was tested by assaying an independent growth response of Arabidopsis seedlings to heat stress: hypocotyl elongation. This response was strongly inhibited in mutants with deficiencies in cytokinin signalling or endogenous cytokinin levels. Thus, cytokinins may directly participate in heat signalling in plants. Finally, large proportions of both temperature-shock and cytokinin responsive proteomes co-localize to the chloroplast, which might therefore host a substantial proportion of the temperature response machinery.
- MeSH
- Arabidopsis genetika růst a vývoj MeSH
- biologické modely MeSH
- cytokininy farmakologie MeSH
- fosforylace účinky léků MeSH
- geneticky modifikované rostliny MeSH
- hypokotyl účinky léků genetika růst a vývoj MeSH
- metabolismus sacharidů účinky léků genetika MeSH
- mutace MeSH
- proteiny huseníčku klasifikace genetika metabolismus MeSH
- proteom metabolismus MeSH
- reakce na tepelný šok genetika MeSH
- rostlinné geny MeSH
- teplota * MeSH
- transkriptom účinky léků genetika MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
We report a series of microarray-based comparisons of gene expression in the leaf and crown of the winter barley cultivar Luxor, following the exposure of young plants to various periods of low (above and below zero) temperatures. A transcriptomic analysis identified genes which were either expressed in both the leaf and crown, or specifically in one or the other. Among the former were genes responsible for calcium and abscisic acid signalling, polyamine synthesis, late embryogenesis abundant proteins and dehydrins. In the crown, the key organ for cereal overwintering, cold treatment induced transient changes in the transcription of nucleosome assembly genes, and especially H2A and HTA11, which have been implicated in cold sensing in Arabidopsis thaliana. In the leaf, various heat-shock proteins were induced. Differences in expression pattern between the crown and leaf were frequent for genes involved in certain pathways responsible for osmolyte production (sucrose and starch, raffinose, γ-aminobutyric acid metabolism), sugar signalling (trehalose metabolism) and secondary metabolism (lignin synthesis). The action of proteins with antifreeze activity, which were markedly induced during hardening, was demonstrated by a depression in the ice nucleation temperature.
- MeSH
- aklimatizace genetika MeSH
- GABA genetika metabolismus MeSH
- genetická transkripce MeSH
- histony genetika MeSH
- ječmen (rod) genetika metabolismus MeSH
- lignin biosyntéza genetika MeSH
- listy rostlin genetika metabolismus MeSH
- metabolismus sacharidů genetika MeSH
- nízká teplota MeSH
- nukleozomy metabolismus MeSH
- proteiny teplotního šoku genetika MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
- roční období MeSH
- stanovení celkové genové exprese MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Endokanabinoidní systém je endogenní signální systém, který hraje důležitou roli v regulaci energetické homeostázy a metabolismu tuků a sacharidů, což může potenciálně ovlivnit kardiometabolické riziko. Endokanabinoidy jsou zapojeny v mechanismech ovlivňujících chuť k jídlu a tělesnou hmotnost. Centrální i periferní stimulace endokanabinoidního systému podporuje metabolické procesy vedoucí následně ke zvýšení hmotnosti, k lipogenezi, inzulínové rezistenci, dyslipidémii a porušené glukózové toleranci. Endokanabinoidní systém je trvale aktivnější u obézních jedinců. Endokanabinoidní systém se stává potenciálním mechanismem, který reguluje důležité aspekty kardiovaskulárních a metabolických funkcí.
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is an endogenous signalling system that plays an important role in the regulation of energy homeostasis and lipid and glucose metabolism-all of which can influence cardiometabolic risk. Endocannabinoids are involved in the appetite and body weight regulation. Central or peripheral stimulation of ECS favours metabolic processes that lead to weight gain, lipogenesis, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and impaired glucose homeostasis. ECS is tonically overactive in obese individuals. ECS appears to be a promising novel mechanistic pathway that modulates important aspects of the cardiovascular and metabolic function.
- MeSH
- experimenty na zvířatech MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- hodnocení rizik MeSH
- homeostáza fyziologie MeSH
- index tělesné hmotnosti MeSH
- kardiovaskulární nemoci etiologie metabolismus MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus metabolismus MeSH
- metabolismus lipidů fyziologie MeSH
- metabolismus sacharidů genetika MeSH
- modulátory kanabinoidních receptorů metabolismus MeSH
- myši metabolismus MeSH
- obezita metabolismus MeSH
- přijímání potravy fyziologie MeSH
- změny tělesné hmotnosti MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus metabolismus MeSH
- myši metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
The present study was designed to investigate the antihyperglycaemic effect of ethanolic extract of Cardiospermum halicacabum Linn. (Sapindaceae) leaves on normal and streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced into male albino Wistar rats by intraperitonial administration of STZ. The Cardiospermum halicacabum leaf extract (CHE) was administered orally at three different doses to normal and STZ-diabetic rats for 45 days. The diabetic rats showed an increase in levels of blood glucose and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and a decrease in the levels of insulin and haemoglobin (Hb). In addition, diabetic rats showed a significant reduction in the activity of glucokinase and an elevation in the activities of gluconeogenic enzymes such as glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase. Treatment with CHE significantly decreased plasma glucose and HbA1c, and increased the levels of insulin and Hb. CHE administration to diabetic rats reversed these enzyme activities in a significant manner. Thus, the results show that CHE possesses an antihyperglycaemic activity and provide evidence for its traditional usage in the control of diabetes. The 200 mg dose of the extract produced a better effect than 50 or 100 mg doses.
- MeSH
- experimentální diabetes mellitus farmakoterapie metabolismus MeSH
- hypoglykemika aplikace a dávkování metabolismus MeSH
- interpretace statistických dat MeSH
- inzulin metabolismus MeSH
- metabolismus sacharidů genetika účinky záření MeSH
- potkani Wistar metabolismus MeSH
- rostlinné extrakty metabolismus MeSH
- Sapindaceae metabolismus účinky léků MeSH
- streptozocin aplikace a dávkování metabolismus MeSH
Nízký příjem vlákniny ve stravě západních civilizací je svázán se vznikem civilizačních nemocí, kromě jiného se vznikem ischemické choroby srdeční a kolorektálního karcinomu. Doporučená denní dávka vlákniny 25–30?g je naplňována sotva z poloviny, podle studie amerických vědců 15?g, dle recentního českého průzkumu 12?g denně. V epidemiologických studiích je obtížné rozlišit vliv nedostatku vlákniny, nedostatku vitaminů a antioxidantů, vysoké energetické denzity a vysokého příjmu saturovaných tuků. V intervenčních studiích jsou výsledky rozporuplné, přesto zvýšení příjmu vlákniny snižuje incidenci akutních koronárních příhod a mortality na ischemickou chorobu a v určitých věkových skupinách i celkové mortality. Stejně tak zvýšený příjem vlákniny, nejvíce v zelenině, snižuje incidenci vzniku adenomů a kolorektálního karcinomu.
In western countries low intake of fiber is connected with high incidence of coronary heart disease and colon cancer. Recommended daily allowance of fiber is about 25–30 grams, in American studies is daily intake of fiber about 15?g and recent Czech study showed only 12 grams daily. There is very difficult to distinguish the influence of lack of fiber, lack of vitamins and antioxidants, high energy intake and high intake of saturated fats. The results of intervention studies are inconsistent, but the increase of daily fiber intake leads to reduction of coronary heart attacks and coronary heart disease mortality, as well as of reduction of general mortality. The high intake of fiber, mostly in vegetables, reduces incidence of colon adenoma and cancer.
- MeSH
- antioxidancia fyziologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- cholesterol fyziologie imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- infarkt myokardu dietoterapie metabolismus prevence a kontrola MeSH
- ischemická choroba srdeční dietoterapie metabolismus prevence a kontrola MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- metabolismus sacharidů genetika účinky léků MeSH
- mortalita trendy MeSH
- potravní vláknina metabolismus terapeutické užití MeSH
- střevní nádory dietoterapie metabolismus prevence a kontrola MeSH
- tlusté střevo metabolismus patofyziologie patologie MeSH
- vitaminy metabolismus terapeutické užití MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
