Plasma-activated water (PAW) has been shown to have antimicrobial properties, making it a promising tool for surface decontamination. This study evaluated the ability of PAW generated from high voltage atmospheric cold plasma to remove Salmonella from common surfaces (stainless steel (SS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), concrete, and wood) found in poultry houses. PAW was generated by exposing distilled water to atmospheric cold plasma in 80% humid air at 90 kV and 60 Hz for 30 min. The resulting PAW contained 1120 ppm of nitrate and 1370 ppm of hydrogen peroxide, with a pH of 1.83. PAW was then applied to coupons of SS, PVC, wood, and concrete surfaces inoculated with 7-8 log10 CFU of cocktail of Salmonella spp. (S. Typhimurium, S. Newport, S. Montevideo, and S. Enteritidis). PAW effectively reduced Salmonella levels on SS and PVC surfaces to below the detection limit within 30 s. On wood surfaces, a longer treatment time of 7.5 min was required to achieve a maximum reduction of 2.63 log10 CFU, likely due to the porosity of the wood limiting PAW contact with the bacteria. On concrete surfaces, the reduction in Salmonella levels was only 0.98 log10 CFU. This was likely due to the greater surface roughness and high alkalinity, which neutralized the PAW species.
- Klíčová slova
- Cold plasma, Decontamination, Plasma-activated water, Poultry house, Salmonella spp,
- MeSH
- bydlení zvířat * MeSH
- dekontaminace * metody MeSH
- dezinficiencia farmakologie MeSH
- dřevo mikrobiologie chemie MeSH
- drůbež * mikrobiologie MeSH
- konstrukční materiály mikrobiologie MeSH
- nerezavějící ocel MeSH
- peroxid vodíku farmakologie MeSH
- plazmové plyny * farmakologie MeSH
- počet mikrobiálních kolonií MeSH
- polyvinylchlorid chemie MeSH
- Salmonella * růst a vývoj MeSH
- voda * chemie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- hodnotící studie MeSH
- Názvy látek
- dezinficiencia MeSH
- nerezavějící ocel MeSH
- peroxid vodíku MeSH
- plazmové plyny * MeSH
- polyvinylchlorid MeSH
- voda * MeSH
The dendrochemical approach holds significant promise for determining the geographical origin of wood as a complementary tool to dendroprovenancing based on tree-ring width. Tracing the origin of wood based on its elemental and isotopic composition is in particular interesting for provenance studies at the regional scale, as dendrochemical signatures are indicative of geological and pedological characteristics. Although, absorption of nutrients and trace elements reflects the composition of soil bioavailable pools, it is also modulated by multiple environmental and tree related factors. We assess the dendrochemical approach in oak wood provenance studies regarding the challenges posed by 1) geochemical variation at a local level, and 2) dendrochemical variation related to oak species, age and social status. A combination of 13 elemental concentrations and 2 isotope - Sr and Nd - ratios was analyzed in oak wood from 12 forests situated in the large Seine river catchment in France. The sampling targeted sites with representative types of geological parent material, where adult trees of two common temperate Quercus species (Quercus petraea and Quercus robur) were selected. The impact of tree characteristics was markedly weaker than that of the site factor and the minimal differences in dendrochemical composition between Quercus petraea and Quercus robur were considered without effect on determination of the geographical origin. Linear discriminant analysis based on Ca-normalized elemental concentrations and Sr and Nd isotope ratios correctly classified the origin of 93 % of the sampled trees. Strontium isotope ratio 87Sr/86Sr was the strongest provenance indicator capable of determining the origin of 55 % of wood samples on its own. Our system based on elemental and strontium and neodymium isotopic compositions provides robust indicators for wood tracing and might be applied to provenance studies in environment, physiology, history and archeology.
- Klíčová slova
- Biogeochemistry, Major and trace elements, Provenance study, Quercus, Seine river catchment, Sr and Nd isotopes,
- MeSH
- dřevo * chemie MeSH
- dub (rod) * chemie MeSH
- izotopy stroncia analýza MeSH
- izotopy analýza MeSH
- lesy MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí * MeSH
- neodym * analýza MeSH
- stromy MeSH
- stroncium analýza MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Francie MeSH
- Názvy látek
- izotopy stroncia MeSH
- izotopy MeSH
- neodym * MeSH
- stroncium MeSH
The study explored the post-wildfire elemental composition of parts (wood, bark, branch, cone, trunk, litter, twig, needle, sward, fallow, sapling, etc.) and by-products (biomass ashes, partly burnt parts, and char) of different woody species in the Bohemian Switzerland National Park, Czech Republic, and considered their effects on soils. Multi-elemental analysis of the fire by-products of the woody species was determined with inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry and mass spectrometry and compared with control biomass samples unaffected by wildfire. Most fire by-products were slightly alkaline, with acidic ashes obtained from blueberry wood. The by-products of the wildfire were characterized by varied total contents of macro (P, Ca, K, Mg, and S), micro (Na, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn), and other elements (B, Co, Mo, and V) vital to soil fertility and plant growth. The mean content of macro elements in the biomass ashes was up to 4.16 P, 23.5 Ca, 2.48 Mg, 63 K, and 5.57 S g kg-1. These values were comparatively lower than published data for ashes obtained under optimized conditions, e.g., those combusted in power generation facilities. Conversely, partly burnt parts-an indication of incomplete combustion-had higher 9.22 P, 79 Ca, and 5.99 Mg g kg-1 contents in spruce needles than in biomass ashes and the control. Variations in woody species and anthropogenic activities in areas of wildfires produced varied As, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb contents above EU fertilizer regulation. Caution in applying biomass ashes from wildfires on fields is required due to risk/toxic elements input from anthropogenic activities. Wildfire effects on the elemental composition of woody species can provide information on plant parts most suitable for biomass ashes for soil and ecosystem safety.
- Klíčová slova
- Biomass ash, Macro/microelement, Risk/toxic element, Spruce needle, Wildfire, Woody species,
- MeSH
- biomasa * MeSH
- dřevo * chemie MeSH
- ničivé požáry * MeSH
- půda chemie MeSH
- veřejné parky MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Názvy látek
- půda MeSH
As major terrestrial carbon sinks, forests play an important role in mitigating climate change. The relationship between the seasonal uptake of carbon and its allocation to woody biomass remains poorly understood, leaving a significant gap in our capacity to predict carbon sequestration by forests. Here, we compare the intra-annual dynamics of carbon fluxes and wood formation across the Northern hemisphere, from carbon assimilation and the formation of non-structural carbon compounds to their incorporation in woody tissues. We show temporally coupled seasonal peaks of carbon assimilation (GPP) and wood cell differentiation, while the two processes are substantially decoupled during off-peak periods. Peaks of cambial activity occur substantially earlier compared to GPP, suggesting the buffer role of non-structural carbohydrates between the processes of carbon assimilation and allocation to wood. Our findings suggest that high-resolution seasonal data of ecosystem carbon fluxes, wood formation and the associated physiological processes may reduce uncertainties in carbon source-sink relationships at different spatial scales, from stand to ecosystem levels.
- MeSH
- biomasa MeSH
- cévnaté rostliny * metabolismus MeSH
- dřevo * metabolismus chemie MeSH
- ekosystém MeSH
- klimatické změny * MeSH
- koloběh uhlíku MeSH
- lesy * MeSH
- roční období * MeSH
- sekvestrace uhlíku * MeSH
- stromy metabolismus MeSH
- uhlík * metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- uhlík * MeSH
The patterns of successional change of decomposer communities is unique in that resource availability predictably decreases as decomposition proceeds. Saproxylic (i.e. deadwood-dependent) beetles are a highly diverse and functionally important decomposer group, and their community composition is affected by both deadwood characteristics and other environmental factors. Understanding how communities change with faunal succession through the decomposition process is important as this process influences terrestrial carbon dynamics. Here, we evaluate how beta-diversity of saproxylic beetle communities change with succession, as well as the effects of different major drivers of beta-diversity, such as deadwood tree species, spatial distance between locations, climate and forest structure. We studied spatial beta-diversity (i.e. dissimilarity of species composition between deadwood logs in the same year) of saproxylic beetle communities over 8 years of wood decomposition. Our study included 379 experimental deadwood logs comprising 13 different tree species in 30 forest stands in Germany. We hypothesized that the effects of tree species dissimilarity, measured by phylogenetic distance, and climate on beta-diversity decrease over time, while the effects of spatial distance between logs and forest structure increase. Observed beta-diversity of saproxylic beetle communities increased over time, whereas standardized effects sizes (SES; based on null models) of beta-diversity decreased indicating higher beta-diversity than expected during early years. Beta-diversity increased with increasing phylogenetic distance between tree species and spatial distance among regions, and to a lesser extent with spatial distance within regions and differences in climate and forest structure. Whereas effects of space, climate and forest structure were constant over time, the effect of phylogenetic distance decreased. Our results show that the strength of the different drivers of saproxylic beetle community beta-diversity changes along deadwood succession. Beta-diversity of early decay communities was strongly associated with differences among tree species. Although this effect decreased over time, beta-diversity remained high throughout succession. Possible explanations for this pattern include differences in decomposition rates and fungal communities between logs or the priority effect of early successional communities. Our results suggest that saproxylic beetle diversity can be enhanced by promoting forests with diverse tree communities and structures.
- Klíčová slova
- beta diversity, deadwood, decomposition, forest management, insect, saproxylic, succession,
- MeSH
- brouci * MeSH
- dřevo * chemie mikrobiologie MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- lesy MeSH
- podnebí MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The utilisation of waste wood from furniture production brings new problems connected with an incomplete thermochemical decomposition of additives (chemicals for improving properties of plastics) in small heating with the addition of sources. Unique organic compounds produced by the combustion of waste wood allow the identification of the type of fuel. The organic compounds contained in the char deposits were analysed by pyrolysis gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. The deposits from the combustion of briquettes from furniture production contain organic compounds originating by decomposition of phenolic resins, aminoplasts (urea-formaldehyde, resorcinol-formaldehyde and melamine), polyurethanes and wood glue. Additives contained in the deposits include plasticisers such as phthalates (DEHP, dibutyl phthalate and diisobutyl phthalate), flame retardants (2-propanol, 1-chlorophosphate (3:1) and p-terphenyl). Deposits from the combustion of briquettes from virgin wood do not contain these compounds. The total amount of compounds identified in the deposits from the boiler, which do not come from virgin wood combustion, varies in the range between 4.25 and 6.25 g/kg. Phthalates (55.5%) and PVAc adhesives (18.6%) are the main anthropogenic compounds in the deposits from domestic boilers.
- Klíčová slova
- Air emissions, Domestic heating, Furniture waste wood, Polymer wood composites, Py-GC/MS,
- MeSH
- dřevo chemie MeSH
- formaldehyd analýza MeSH
- látky znečišťující vzduch * analýza MeSH
- plynová chromatografie s hmotnostně spektrometrickou detekcí MeSH
- polyurethany analýza MeSH
- vytápění MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- formaldehyd MeSH
- látky znečišťující vzduch * MeSH
- polyurethany MeSH
Currently, emphasis is placed on using environmentally friendly materials both from a structural point of view and the application of protective means. For this reason, it is advisable to deal with the thermal modification of wood, which does not require the application of protective substances, to increase its service life. The main reason for the thermal modification of black locust is that although black locust grows abundantly in our country, it has no industrial use. It is mainly used outdoors, where thermal modification could increase its resistance. This article deals with the thermal modification of black locust wood (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) and the impact of this modification on the chemical components of the wood with an overlap in the change in mechanical properties compared to untreated wood. Static (LOP, MOR, and MOE) and dynamic (IBS) bending properties were evaluated as representative mechanical properties. At the same time, the impact of thermal modification on the representation of chemical components of wood (cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose) was also tested. As a result of the heat treatment, the mechanical properties gradually decreased as the temperature increased. The highest decrease in mechanical values found at 210 °C was 43.7% for LOP and 45.1% for MOR. Thermal modification caused a decrease in the content of wood polysaccharides (the decrease in hemicelluloses content was 33.2% and the drop in cellulose was about 29.9% in samples treated at 210 °C), but the relative amount of lignin in the wood subjected to increased temperature was higher due to autocondensation, and mainly because of polysaccharide loss. Based on the correlations between chemical and mechanical changes caused by thermal modification, it is possible to observe the effects of reducing the proportions of chemical components and changes in their characteristic properties (DP, TCI) on the reduction in mechanical properties. The results of this research serve to better understand the behavior of black locust wood during thermal modification, which can primarily be used to increase its application use.
- Klíčová slova
- black locust, chemical analysis, hardwood, static and dynamic bending, thermal modification,
- MeSH
- celulosa chemie MeSH
- dřevo chemie MeSH
- lignin * analýza MeSH
- Robinia * MeSH
- teplota MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- celulosa MeSH
- lignin * MeSH
The transfer of graphics to a product's surface is a widely known technology. Printing, engraving, and etching are used every day in production processes with countless types of materials. This paper deals with quality control for laser engraving on surfaces with variable dimensions via optical sensors. The engraving process, apart from colour changes, can induce volume and moisture changes, which lead to dimension changes in some materials. Natural materials and biomaterials are among the ones most affected. Combined with the porous and inhomogeneous structure of such a material, it can be difficult to measure the quality of graphic transfer, especially for shaded products. The quality control of laser-engraved photographs on thin layers of wood veneer was selected as a suitable problem to solve. A complex method for the quality measurement of the specified production was designed and tested. We used an affine transformation to determine the system behaviour and to determine the transfer function of material changes during the production process. Moreover, there is a possibility to compensate the image deformation of the engraved product.
- Klíčová slova
- affine transformation, image processing, laser, quality control, wood,
- MeSH
- dřevo * chemie MeSH
- lasery * MeSH
- poréznost MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Waste combustion in residential small-scale combustion units is not legal in the Czech Republic or other European Union countries. The resulting gaseous and particulate pollutants expose inhabitants to smells and toxic compounds and may damage their property and health. This study is designed to define the emissions of gaseous and particulate pollutants and determine the influence of municipal waste combustion on emission factors. Different types of solid fuels, municipal wood wastes (window frames, furniture chipboard), and mixtures of solid fuels with municipal wastes (namely, textiles, plastics, PET briquettes comprising a mixture of PET bottles + wood pellets + frying oil, paper, and floor coverings) were combusted in residential combustion units (such as gasification boiler, boiler with down-draft combustion, overfire boiler, and stove). Studies describing such an extensive range of waste samples combusted in different small-scale combustion units have not yet been published. Emission factors (EFs) for products of incomplete combustion (carbon monoxide (CO), organic gaseous compounds (OGC), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in gaseous and particulate phases) and particulate matter (PM) were within narrow intervals and lowest for standardized wood fuel (dry wood logs only) and 2-4 times higher on average for unsuitable coal samples (coal unsuitable for the particular boiler type used and coal combined with waste), for which values fell within broad intervals.The EFs of pollutants resulting from incomplete combustion (CO, OGC, and 16 PAHtotal) and PM were lowest for standardized wood fuel (dry wood logs only) and almost two or four times higher on average for unsuitable coal fuels (coal unsuitable for the particular boiler type used and coal combined with waste).
- Klíčová slova
- Co-combustion, Coal, Municipal waste, Polyaromatic hydrocarbons, Residential boiler, Wood,
- MeSH
- dřevo chemie MeSH
- látky znečišťující vzduch * analýza MeSH
- pevné částice analýza MeSH
- plyny MeSH
- polycyklické aromatické uhlovodíky * analýza MeSH
- uhlí analýza MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- látky znečišťující vzduch * MeSH
- pevné částice MeSH
- plyny MeSH
- polycyklické aromatické uhlovodíky * MeSH
- uhlí MeSH
Plant lignans possess several properties beneficial for human health and therefore, increasing their contents in foods and beverages is desirable. One of the lignan sources in human diet is wine. To elucidate the origin of lignans contained in wine, LC-MS was used to analyze resinol-related lignans in must, seeds, stems, and wine prepared using stainless steel tanks, oak barrels, and Qvevri (clay vessel). White wines aged in stainless steel tanks contained significantly lower amounts of lignan aglycones (20-60 µg/L) than red and Qvevri wines (300-500 µg/L). Generally, white wines aged in stainless steel tanks contained only low amounts of isolariciresinol and matairesinol. Qvevri wines and red wine aged in stainless steel tank contained up to five lignan compounds and in wine aged in oak barrel, six different lignans were identified. Consistently, only low concentration of isolariciresinol has been found in must, whereas more lignan compounds have been found in grape seeds (isolariciresinol, secoisolariciresinol, and pinoresinol) and stems (isolariciresinol and syringaresinol). Consequently, we conclude that lignan content in wine can be increased by maturation in contact with grape berries, seeds, or stems or with wood.
