Condition‐dependence
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- Klíčová slova
- FETUS/physiology *, PREGNANCY/physiology *,
- MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- matky * MeSH
- plod fyziologie MeSH
- růst a vývoj * MeSH
- těhotenství fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- těhotenství fyziologie MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Bielavska and colleagues (Bielavska, Sacchetti, Baldi, & Tassoni, 1999) have recently shown that KN-62, an inhibitor of calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaCMK), induces conditioned taste aversion (CTA) when introduced into the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) of rats. The aim of the present report was to assess whether activity of CaCMK in the PBN is changed during CTA. We induced CTA in one group of rats by pairing saccharin consumption with an ip injection of lithium chloride. Another group of rats received lithium alone (without being paired with saccharin consumption) to test whether lithium has an effect on CaCMK in the PBN, independent of those effects due to training. In animals receiving CTA training, CaCMK activity in extracts of PBN was reduced by approximately 30% at the postacquisition intervals of 12, 24, and 48 h, compared to control animals receiving saccharin with saline injection. By 120 h after CTA training, no effect on CaCMK was present. At those postacquisition intervals showing CaCMK activity effects due to CTA, there were no effects attributable to lithium alone. Lithium alone produced only a short-lasting reduction in CaCMK activity (at 20 min a 30% decrease, at 60 min a 23% decrease; and at 6, 12, and 24 h no decrease). The time course of lithium-induced effects differed markedly from that of CTA training. All changes were Ca2+/- -dependent; we did not observe any changes in Ca-independent activity. CTA effects on CaCMK were selective for PBN, insofar as we did not observe any CTA effects on CaCMK in the visual cortex, a brain region unrelated to taste pathways. Since CTA produces a relatively long-lasting reduction in CaCMK activity (lasting 2 days or more) specifically in the PBN, which is critical a relay for taste information, the reduction of CaCMK activity may enable the consolidation of taste memory in an aversive situation.
- MeSH
- chuť fyziologie MeSH
- krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
- plexus brachialis metabolismus MeSH
- podmiňování (psychologie) fyziologie MeSH
- potkani Long-Evans MeSH
- proteinkinasy závislé na vápníku a kalmodulinu metabolismus MeSH
- vápník metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- proteinkinasy závislé na vápníku a kalmodulinu MeSH
- vápník MeSH
Aging is an increase in mortality risk with age due to a decline in vital functions. Research on aging has entered an exciting phase. Advances in biogerontology have demonstrated that proximate mechanisms of aging and interventions to modify lifespan are shared among species. In nature, aging patterns have proven more diverse than previously assumed. The paradigm that extrinsic mortality ultimately determines evolution of aging rates has been questioned and there appears to be a mismatch between intra- and inter-specific patterns. The major challenges emerging in evolutionary ecology of aging are a lack of understanding of the complexity in functional senescence under natural conditions and unavailability of estimates of aging rates for matched populations exposed to natural and laboratory conditions. I argue that we need to reconcile laboratory and field-based approaches to better understand (1) how aging rates (baseline mortality and the rate of increase in mortality with age) vary across populations within a species, (2) how genetic and environmental variation interact to modulate individual expression of aging rates, and (3) how much intraspecific variation in lifespan is attributable to an intrinsic (i.e., nonenvironmental) component. I suggest integration of laboratory and field assays using multiple matched populations of the same species, along with measures of functional declines.
- Klíčová slova
- Condition‐dependence, evolution of aging, gene‐by‐environment interaction, intrapopulation variability, intraspecific aging rate, mortality, senescence,
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Dispersal and the underlying movement behaviour are processes of pivotal importance for understanding and predicting metapopulation and metacommunity dynamics. Generally, dispersal decisions are condition-dependent and rely on information in the broad sense, like the presence of conspecifics. However, studies on metacommunities that include interspecific interactions generally disregard condition-dependence. Therefore, it remains unclear whether and how dispersal in metacommunities is condition-dependent and whether rules derived from single-species contexts can be scaled up to (meta)communities. Using experimental protist metacommunities, we show how dispersal and movement depend on and are adjusted by the strength of interspecific interactions. We found that the predicting movement and dispersal in metacommunities requires knowledge on behavioural responses to intra- and interspecific interaction strengths. Consequently, metacommunity dynamics inferred directly from single-species metapopulations without taking interspecific interactions into account are likely flawed. Our work identifies the significance of condition-dependence for understanding metacommunity dynamics, stability and the coexistence and distribution of species.
- Klíčová slova
- Allee effect, density-dependent dispersal, density-dependent movement, interspecific competition, microcosms, plasticity, protists, reaction norm,
- MeSH
- biologické modely * MeSH
- ekosystém * MeSH
- lokomoce * MeSH
- Paramecium aurelia fyziologie MeSH
- populační dynamika MeSH
- společenstvo MeSH
- Tetrahymena fyziologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- dopisy MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The recovery of a male health professional dependent on alcohol and other psychoactive substances was possible only after long-term cooperation with the organization Alcoholics Anonymous. This case report illustrates the principle that addiction is a chronic disease and its treatment is successful if it is treated as a chronic disease.
Harvested honey is usually replaced by an alternative sugar to overwinter honeybee colonies. Supplementation of winter stores with beet or cane sucrose is safe for colonies and does not cause winter mortality. Despite this, there are hypotheses that supplementation of inverted sugars has the potential to give better results in overwintering, spring growth, and honey production of the colonies, because bees are consuming already cleaved feed. Therefore, we compared the condition parameters and honey production in 70 colonies at four apiaries overwintered with stores from sucrose or inverted sugars. No statistically significant differences in dependence on the type of the supplemental feed were found. Inverted sugar was more expensive than sucrose for feeding colonies. Economic efficiency, physiological consequences, and other disadvantages of using invert syrups are discussed.
- Klíčová slova
- beekeeping, feeding, growth, honeybee colony, inverted sugar, strength, sucrose, syrup,
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The conditioned taste aversion (CTA) paradigm was used to assess the role of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CAMKII) in associative learning. KN62, a specific inhibitor of CAMKII, was injected into the parabrachial nuclei (PBN) either immediately after saccharin drinking (CS) or after saccharin drinking and i.p. injection of LiCl (US). Injection of KN62 into the PBN after saccharin drinking elicited clear CTA (Exp. 1). This effect was dosage-dependent and site-specific (Exp. 2). The results are discussed in relation with an earlier report showing that CTA acquisition is disrupted by injection of Ca(2+)/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (PKC) inhibitor chelerythrine into the PBN during CS-US interval. It is suggested that the principal serine/threonine kinases play different roles in CTA learning: whereas PKC activity is necessary for the gustatory short-term memory formation, CAMKII acts similarly to the US itself-an unexpected role of CAMKII in associative learning.
- MeSH
- 1-(5-isochinolinsulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazin analogy a deriváty farmakologie MeSH
- asociační učení účinky léků MeSH
- chování zvířat účinky léků MeSH
- chuť * MeSH
- inhibice (psychologie) * MeSH
- inhibitory enzymů farmakologie MeSH
- krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
- náhodné rozdělení MeSH
- plexus brachialis účinky léků MeSH
- podmiňování (psychologie) * MeSH
- potkani Long-Evans MeSH
- proteinkinasa závislá na vápníku a kalmodulinu typ 2 MeSH
- proteinkinasy závislé na vápníku a kalmodulinu antagonisté a inhibitory farmakologie MeSH
- učení vyhýbat se účinky léků MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- 1-(5-isochinolinsulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazin MeSH
- inhibitory enzymů MeSH
- KN 62 MeSH Prohlížeč
- proteinkinasa závislá na vápníku a kalmodulinu typ 2 MeSH
- proteinkinasy závislé na vápníku a kalmodulinu MeSH
- MeSH
- iatrogenní nemoci chemicky indukované MeSH
- kombinovaná farmakoterapie škodlivé účinky MeSH
- lékové předpisy MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- poruchy spojené s užíváním psychoaktivních látek MeSH
- spotřeba léčiv * MeSH
- zákonodárství lékové MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Československo MeSH
- MeSH
- alkoholismus krev MeSH
- cholesterol krev MeSH
- chronická nemoc MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- pití alkoholu MeSH
- pivo MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- cholesterol MeSH
