• Klíčová slova
• PHAGOCYTOSIS *, VIRUSES *,
• MeSH
• fagocytóza * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• viry * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The estimated global production of raspberry from year 2016 to 2020 averaged 846,515 tons. The most common cultivated Rubus spp. is European red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L. subsp. idaeus). Often cultivated for its high nutritional value, the red raspberry (Rubus idaeus) is susceptible to multiple viruses that lead to yield loss. These viruses are transmitted through different mechanisms, of which one is invertebrate vectors. Aphids and nematodes are known to be vectors of specific raspberry viruses. However, there are still other potential raspberry virus vectors that are not well-studied. This review aimed to provide an overview of studies related to this topic. All the known invertebrates feeding on raspberry were summarized. Eight species of aphids and seven species of plant-parasitic nematodes were the only proven raspberry virus vectors. In addition, the eriophyid mite, Phyllocoptes gracilis, has been suggested as the natural vector of raspberry leaf blotch virus based on the current available evidence. Interactions between vector and non-vector herbivore may promote the spread of raspberry viruses. As a conclusion, there are still multiple aspects of this topic that require further studies to get a better understanding of the interactions among the viral pathogens, invertebrate vectors, and non-vectors in the raspberry agroecosystem. Eventually, this will assist in development of better pest management strategies.

• Klíčová slova
• Rubus idaeus, aphids, arthropod pests, integrated pest management, mites, nematodes, soft fruit, virus control, virus transmission, virus-vector interactions,
• MeSH
• hlístice * MeSH
• mšice * MeSH
• Rubus * MeSH
• viry * genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• INSECTS/virology *, VIRUSES *,
• MeSH
• hmyz virologie   MeSH
• viry * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

DNA virus infections are often lifelong and can cause serious diseases in their hosts. Their recognition by the sensors of the innate immune system represents the front line of host defence. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of innate immunity responses is an important prerequisite for the design of effective antivirotics. This review focuses on the present state of knowledge surrounding the mechanisms of viral DNA genome sensing and the main induced pathways of innate immunity responses. The studies that have been performed to date indicate that herpesviruses, adenoviruses, and polyomaviruses are sensed by various DNA sensors. In non-immune cells, STING pathways have been shown to be activated by cGAS, IFI16, DDX41, or DNA-PK. The activation of TLR9 has mainly been described in pDCs and in other immune cells. Importantly, studies on herpesviruses have unveiled novel participants (BRCA1, H2B, or DNA-PK) in the IFI16 sensing pathway. Polyomavirus studies have revealed that, in addition to viral DNA, micronuclei are released into the cytosol due to genotoxic stress. Papillomaviruses, HBV, and HIV have been shown to evade DNA sensing by sophisticated intracellular trafficking, unique cell tropism, and viral or cellular protein actions that prevent or block DNA sensing. Further research is required to fully understand the interplay between viruses and DNA sensors.

• Klíčová slova
• DNA sensing, DNA viruses, IFI16, IFN, STING, TLR9, cGAS, inflammasome, innate immunity, p204/Ifi-204,
• MeSH
• DNA virů metabolismus   MeSH
• Herpesviridae * genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• infekce DNA virem * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Polyomavirus * genetika   MeSH
• přirozená imunita MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• DNA virů MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• VIRUSES *,
• MeSH
• imunitní systém - jevy * MeSH
• testy inhibice hemaglutinace * MeSH
• viry kalifornské encefalitidy * MeSH
• viry * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

This paper deals with some aspects of human viruses in the environment. Thus, a systematization of these viruses was made on the basis of their elimination from the human body and also with regard to their detection in various segments of the environment. The data compiled lead to the conclusion that virtually any human virus, of any taxonomic group known, may be present, in one or another segment of the environment, at one or another time.

• MeSH
• celosvětové zdraví MeSH
• DNA viry izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiologie životního prostředí * MeSH
• nezařazené viry izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• RNA-viry izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• virové nemoci přenos   virologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Several strategies have been developed to fight viral infections, not only in humans but also in animals and plants. Some of them are based on the development of efficient vaccines, to target the virus by developed antibodies, others focus on finding antiviral compounds with activities that inhibit selected virus replication steps. Currently, there is an increasing number of antiviral drugs on the market; however, some have unpleasant side effects, are toxic to cells, or the viruses quickly develop resistance to them. As the current situation shows, the combination of multiple antiviral strategies or the combination of the use of various compounds within one strategy is very important. The most desirable are combinations of drugs that inhibit different steps in the virus life cycle. This is an important issue especially for RNA viruses, which replicate their genomes using error-prone RNA polymerases and rapidly develop mutants resistant to applied antiviral compounds. Here, we focus on compounds targeting viral structural capsid proteins, thereby inhibiting virus assembly or disassembly, virus binding to cellular receptors, or acting by inhibiting other virus replication mechanisms. This review is an update of existing papers on a similar topic, by focusing on the most recent advances in the rapidly evolving research of compounds targeting capsid proteins of RNA viruses.

• Klíčová slova
• antiviral compounds, antivirals, assembly inhibitor, capsid assembly, capsid binding, capsid targeting, virus inhibitor,
• MeSH
• antivirové látky chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• infekce RNA viry farmakoterapie   virologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• replikace viru účinky léků   MeSH
• RNA-viry účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• sestavení viru účinky léků   MeSH
• virové plášťové proteiny antagonisté a inhibitory   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antivirové látky MeSH
• virové plášťové proteiny MeSH

Infection with certain types of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses, known as tumor viruses or oncogenic viruses, can lead to cancer [...].

• MeSH
• infekce onkogenními viry terapie   veterinární   virologie   MeSH
• interakce hostitele a patogenu MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory terapie   veterinární   virologie   MeSH
• onkogenní viry * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• úvodní články MeSH
• úvodníky MeSH

In recent years, numerous foodborne outbreaks due to consumption of berry fruit contaminated by human enteric viruses have been reported. This European multinational study investigated possible contamination routes by monitoring the entire food chain for a panel of human and animal enteric viruses. A total of 785 samples were collected throughout the food production chain of four European countries (Czech Republic, Finland, Poland and Serbia) during two growing seasons. Samples were taken during the production phase, the processing phase, and at point-of-sale. Samples included irrigation water, animal faeces, food handlers' hand swabs, swabs from toilets on farms, from conveyor belts at processing plants, and of raspberries or strawberries at points-of-sale; all were subjected to virus analysis. The samples were analysed by real-time (reverse transcription, RT)-PCR, primarily for human adenoviruses (hAdV) to demonstrate that a route of contamination existed from infected persons to the food supply chain. The analyses also included testing for the presence of selected human (norovirus, NoV GI, NoV GII and hepatitis A virus, HAV), animal (porcine adenovirus, pAdV and bovine polyomavirus, bPyV) and zoonotic (hepatitis E virus, HEV) viruses. At berry production, hAdV was found in 9.5%, 5.8% and 9.1% of samples of irrigation water, food handlers' hands and toilets, respectively. At the processing plants, hAdV was detected in one (2.0%) swab from a food handler's hand. At point-of-sale, the prevalence of hAdV in fresh raspberries, frozen raspberries and fresh strawberries, was 0.7%, 3.2% and 2.0%, respectively. Of the human pathogenic viruses, NoV GII was detected in two (3.6%) water samples at berry production, but no HAV was detected in any of the samples. HEV-contaminated frozen raspberries were found once (2.6%). Animal faecal contamination was evidenced by positive pAdV and bPyV assay results. At berry production, one water sample contained both viruses, and at point-of-sale 5.7% and 1.3% of fresh and frozen berries tested positive for pAdV. At berry production hAdV was found both in irrigation water and on food handler's hands, which indicated that these may be important vehicles by which human pathogenic viruses enter the berry fruit chain. Moreover, both zoonotic and animal enteric viruses could be detected on the end products. This study gives insight into viral sources and transmission routes and emphasizes the necessity for thorough compliance with good agricultural and hygienic practice at the farms to help protect the public from viral infections.

• Klíčová slova
• Berry fruit, Food monitoring, Foodborne viruses, NoV, Real-time PCR, hAdV,
• MeSH
• adenoviry prasat izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Enterovirus MeSH
• epidemický výskyt choroby MeSH
• feces virologie   MeSH
• kontaminace potravin analýza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lidské adenoviry izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• manipulace s potravinami metody   MeSH
• mikrobiologie vody MeSH
• Norovirus izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• ovoce virologie   MeSH
• Polyomavirus izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• prasata MeSH
• ruka virologie   MeSH
• skot MeSH
• virus hepatitidy A izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• virus hepatitidy E izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• viry MeSH
• zásobování potravinami MeSH
• zemědělské zavlažování MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• skot MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Finsko MeSH
• Polsko MeSH
• Srbsko MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• VIRUSES *,
• MeSH
• rostlinné viry * MeSH
• vakuum MeSH
• viry * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH