Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs), a group of compounds frequently misused by athletes and, unfortunately, also by the general population, have lately attracted global attention; thus, significant demands for more precise, facile, and rapid AAS detection have arisen. The standard methods ordinarily used for AAS determination include liquid and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. However, good knowledge of steroid metabolism, pretreatment of samples (such as derivatization), and well-trained operators of the instruments are required, making this procedure expensive, complicated, and not routinely applicable. In the drive to meet current AAS detection demands, the scientific focus has shifted to developing novel, tailor-made approaches leading to time- and cost-effective, routine, and field-portable methods for AAS determination in various matrices, such as biological fluids, food supplements, meat, water, or other environmental components. Therefore, herein, we present a comprehensive review article covering recent advances in AAS determination, with a strong emphasis on the increasingly important role of chemically designed artificial sensors, biosensors, and antibody- and fluorescence-based methods.

• Klíčová slova
• anabolic-androgenic steroids, antibodies, biosensors, chemically designed sensors, chromatographic detection, fluorescent sensors, immunoassays, immunosensors, oligonucleotide-based approach, specific detection,
• MeSH
• anabolika * MeSH
• androgeny MeSH
• doping ve sportu * MeSH
• kongenery testosteronu MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• sportovci MeSH
• steroidy MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• anabolika * MeSH
• androgeny MeSH
• kongenery testosteronu MeSH
• steroidy MeSH

The use of anabolic steroid hormones as growth promoters in feed for farm animals has been banned in the European Union since 1988 on the basis of Council Directive 96/22/EC. However, there is still ongoing monitoring and reporting of positive findings of these banned substances in EU countries. The aim of this work was to investigate the efficacy and discriminatory ability of metabolic fingerprinting after the administration of 17β-testosterone esters to pigs. Plasma and urine samples were chromatographically separated on a Hypersil Gold C18 column. High resolution mass spectrometry metabolomic fingerprints were analysed on a hybrid mass spectrometer Q-Exactive. Three independent multivariate statistical methods, namely principal component analysis, clustre analysis, and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis showed significant differences between the treated and control groups of pigs even 14 days after the administration of the hormonal drug. Plasma samples were also analysed by a conventional quantitative analysis using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry and a pharmacokinetic curve was constructed based on the results. In this case, no testosterone residue was detected 14 days after the administration. The results clearly showed that a metabolomics approach can be a useful and effective tool for the detection and monitoring of banned anabolic steroids used illegally in pig fattening.

• Klíčová slova
• anabolic practices, metabolomic, pigs, plasma, testosterone, urine,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES *, ALDOSTERONE *, ANABOLIC STEROIDS *, BURNS *, CORTICOTROPIN *, ESTROGENS *, INSULIN *, SOMATOTROPIN *, THYROID HORMONES *,
• MeSH
• adrenokortikotropní hormon * MeSH
• aldosteron * MeSH
• anabolika * MeSH
• estrogeny * MeSH
• hormony kůry nadledvin * MeSH
• hormony štítné žlázy * MeSH
• inzulin * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• popálení * MeSH
• růstový hormon * MeSH
• steroidy * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• adrenokortikotropní hormon * MeSH
• aldosteron * MeSH
• anabolika * MeSH
• estrogeny * MeSH
• hormony kůry nadledvin * MeSH
• hormony štítné žlázy * MeSH
• inzulin * MeSH
• růstový hormon * MeSH
• steroidy * MeSH

Avidin-biotin technology was used for the implementation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (AB-ELISA) as a sensitive method for the detection of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) present in dietary supplements. Using click chemistry, novel haptens (linker-optimized biotinylated nandrolone (NT) and testosterone (T) at positions C-3 and C-17, respectively) were designed and synthesized to be then applied as four different immobilized competitors in a proposed set of four indirect competitive AB-ELISAs. Four rabbit polyclonal antibodies of various specificities were prepared using four different immunogens synthesized from C-3 and C-17 carboxymethyloxime and hemisuccinate derivatives of NT and T, respectively. Assembled AB-ELISAs were characterized to establish method parameters such as a half-maximum inhibition concentration (0.18-12.99 ng/mL), limit of detection (0.004-0.032 ng/mL) and linear working range (the best with 0.02-1.38 ng/mL). The stability of the set simulating storage in different conditions was demonstrated. Cross reactivity (CR) was tested for 59 steroids including both endogenous and synthetic analogues in four assembled AB-systems. The focus was placed on the practical use of the method in detection of various AAS in 49 samples of counterfeit dietary supplements. The concordance between ultra high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) and the CR corrected data from AB-ELISA indicated the potential of this method even to quantification of T propionate, NT phenyl propionate, and NT decanoate in such a complex matter. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

• Klíčová slova
• ELISA, anabolics, avidin, biotin, dietary supplements, nandrolone, testosterone,
• MeSH
• anabolika analýza   MeSH
• avidin chemie   MeSH
• biotin chemie   MeSH
• ELISA metody   MeSH
• králíci MeSH
• limita detekce MeSH
• nandrolon analýza   MeSH
• potravní doplňky analýza   MeSH
• testosteron analýza   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• králíci MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• hodnotící studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• anabolika MeSH
• avidin MeSH
• biotin MeSH
• nandrolon MeSH
• testosteron MeSH

INTRODUCTION: Nutrition therapy becomes one of the fundamental conditions of a successful outcome in malnourished patients and in critically ill patients. The administration of enteral feeding in critically ill patients is mostly performed by continuous or cyclic feeding. On the contrary, the potential benefits of intermittent feeding include increased muscle protein synthesis. This review outlines the theory of a possible anabolic effect of intermittent feeding. The authors describe their experience with implementation of this method of administration in the intensive care unit including the follow-up of possible complications and adverse effects. METHODS: Six patients with intermittent feeding were followed retrospectively during the study period. In addition to demographic data, potential complications related to intermittent enteral feeding (aspiration pneumonia, increased gastric residual volume, abdominal discomfort, osmotic diarrhoea) were evaluated. RESULTS: The average time of intermittent feeding was 8 days. The sum of intermittent feeding days was 63. No aspiration followed by pneumonia was detected during this period. The gastric residual volume did not increase, either. Abdominal discomfort and osmotic diarrhoea were not observed in any patient. CONCLUSION: Although continuous and cyclic enteral feeding in critically ill patients remains the standard and the most common practice, it is considered as a non-physiological method with possible negative consequences for the patient. On the other hand, intermittent feeding is theoretically associated with respecting of the circadian rhythm and with activation of autophagy. Intermittent feeding increases muscle protein synthesis and supports the release of fatty acids. As shown by our observational study, intermittent administration of enteral nutrition in intensive care can be implemented without any adverse effects; however, it is more time consuming for the nurses.

• Klíčová slova
• Protein synthesis, enteral nutrition, intensive care, intermittent feeding, muscle atrophy,
• MeSH
• enterální výživa * MeSH
• jednotky intenzivní péče MeSH
• kritický stav MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• péče o pacienty v kritickém stavu * MeSH
• pozorovací studie jako téma MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• BACTERIA *, CHEMISTRY, PHARMACEUTICAL *, METABOLISM *, REVIEW *,
• MeSH
• Bacteria * MeSH
• farmaceutická chemie * MeSH
• farmacie * MeSH
• metabolismus * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Osteoporosis is a chronic disease of mass appearance and should be defined as a disease of decreased bone strength rather than a disease of decreased bone mass. Osteoporosis related fractures are of particular interest due to their high burden on the individual and society and also their importance as a target of pharmacological intervention. Bone mineral measurement (BMD), which is an established tool to diagnose osteoporosis (W.H.O., 1994) is not sufficient as a tool for treatment decisions. Currently, assessment of quality of bone is costly, technically demanding and/or invasive. In clinical practice, the W.H.O. recommendation (2007) enables a more advantageous assessment of individual absolute risk of fracture based on BMD and clinical risk factors independent of BMD (sex, age, prevalent fracture, parent fractured hip, use of glucocorticoids, rheumatoid arthritis, secondary osteoporosis, smoking, and excessive alcohol intake). Modern regimens of anticatabolic (antiresorption) therapies not only maintain bone microarchitecture but enable a sufficient bone renewal in majority of patients. However, even with anticatabolic treatments, aging is associated with decrease in new bone formation and mechanical competence of bone. Performance of bone osteoblasts and osteocytes, bone volume and quality and architecture of bone is improved in patients treated with bone anabolic agents. Teriparatide treatment considerably reduces risk of vertebral and nonvertebral fracture, back pain and different aspects of quality of life. However, use of the bone anabolic drugs is limited to 18-24 months. To prevent subsequent increase in risk of fracture, sequential treatments with anabolic and anti-catabolic drugs offer benefits needed for the long-term compliance. In conclusion, selection of drugs with the highest antifracture efficacy should be guided by the underlying mechanisms of osteoporosis, and by expectations of the treatment (safety and efficacy). Anti-catabolic drugs are most appropriate in patients with high bone turnover. Anabolic treatment is indicated in patients with low bone formation in the elderly, in glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis, and where preservation of bone mass and bone architecture by anti-catabolic drugs is not sufficient to efficiently reduce high absolute risk of fracture.

• MeSH
• fraktury spontánní MeSH
• kostní denzita MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• osteoporóza * komplikace   diagnóza   patofyziologie   terapie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

The first organized doping controls were carried out in the 1970s. In 1993, the Czech Antidoping Charter was signed and the Antidoping Committee was established. The medical commission of International Olympic Committee decides, which substances and methods are prohibited. The current classification is as follows: I. prohibited classes of substances--stimulants, narcotics, anabolic agents, diuretics and some hormones. II. prohibited methods--blood doping and pharmaceutical, chemical or physical manipulation. III. classes of drugs subject to certain restrictions--alcohol, marijuana, local anesthetics, corticosteroids and beta blockers. All substances are characterized from the ergogenic viewpoint and health risks are particularly emphasized. In practice, doping control starts by drawing the athletes and ends by urine sample analysis in a special laboratory. In case of positive results, the sportsman is banned from sports activity for 3 months, 2 years or for the rest of his life. In 24 worldwide laboratories in 1995 93,938 urine samples were analyzed. 1516 (1.61%) proved to be positive, including 986 anabolic steroid use. In 1997, the Czech laboratory carried out 843 checks, of which 15 (1.7%) were positive. The largest positive doping group were body builders. Doping poses a major risk among junior sportsmen. Prevalence worldwide is estimated at 2-10% of the male population. In the future a severe antidoping attitude, as well as antidoping enlightenment, are certain to continue. By these standards the activity of the Czech Antidoping Committee is on a very high level.

• MeSH
• doping ve sportu * zákonodárství a právo   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• odhalování abúzu drog MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

The paper concerns the nontraditional treatment of osteoporosis using endogenous substances regulating bone metabolism, and also new drugs. NO in high concentrations decreases the activity of osteoclasts, scavenges superoxides which destroy connective tissue, and activates 1 alpha-hydroxylase in kidneys. Bone metabolism is effectively influenced by donors of NO or by modulators of NO synthase. Osteoclastic function is also inhibited by vitamin K. The administration of the vitamin is indicated in osteoporotic patients with proven vitamin K deficiency. Antiestrogens (tamoxifen), ipriflavon and analogues of wortmannin have antiresorptive activity. Under certain conditions parathyroid hormone (PTH) is anabolic for bone. The positive effect on bone was confirmed with the subcutaneous administration of small doses of PTH simulating physiologic pulsatile secretion, as well as the intact somatotropin-IGF-I (insulin like growth factor-I) axis. PTH is extremely useful, especially in osteoporosis induced by hypoestrinism. Somatotropin (GH) also has an anabolic effect on bone. The hormone stimulates bone metabolism with a prevalence of formation due to direct action on bone, as well as by means of IGF-I. Further growth factors with positive osteoprotic effect are TGF-beta (transforming growth factor-beta), FGF (fibroblast growth factor) and calcium conserving dihomogammalinoleic acid. Magnesium influences bone in different ways. It activates osteoblasts, increases bone mineralization, and enhances the sensitivity of target tissues (incl. bone) to PTH and 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3, Under certain conditions however, magnesium can stimulate bone resorption. A more potent factor than magnesium is stroncium, which not only activates osteoblats but decreases the number of osteoclasts, thus abolishing bone resorption and enhancing formation. Bicarbonates are also favourable for bone. NaHCO3 together with potassium citrate stimulates osteoblasts and enhances bone mineralisation. In the review other prospective substances are also discussed. The osteoprotic effects of most of these factors were confirmed in vitro and in studies in animals, but their use in clinical practice is still a matter for investigation. Mutual interactions with classical osteoprotic drugs remain to be established.

• MeSH
• chemická stimulace MeSH
• hořčík farmakologie   MeSH
• insulinu podobný růstový faktor I farmakologie   MeSH
• kosti a kostní tkáň účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• osteoporóza farmakoterapie   metabolismus   MeSH
• oxid dusnatý farmakologie   MeSH
• parathormon farmakologie   MeSH
• růstový hormon farmakologie   MeSH
• stroncium farmakologie   MeSH
• vitamin K farmakologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• hořčík MeSH
• insulinu podobný růstový faktor I MeSH
• oxid dusnatý MeSH
• parathormon MeSH
• růstový hormon MeSH
• stroncium MeSH
• vitamin K MeSH

At a meeting in Geneva, a group of scientists tried to summarize the current status of contraceptive methods. Experiments with methods influencing spermiogenesis have so far been unsuccessful. Estrogens and gestagens block the secretion of gonadotropins which influence spermatogenesis, but at the same time they strongly affect the libido. Derivatives of aziridin and esters of metanesulfonic acid damage spermatogenesis, but are toxic at the same time. The inhibition of ovulation has been succesfully studied and its side effects have been put into 3 categories: 1) excess of estrogens: nausea, retention of liquids, uterine cramps, leiomyomas, adenosis of the breasts; 2) excess of gestagens: anabolic weight increase, depressions, frigidity; and 3) defect of the estrogens: atrophy of the mucous membrane, dyspareunia. Intervention in the process of implantation of the ovum with the help of large doses of estrogens (50 mg/day for 4-6 days) presents the problem of determining the ovulation date. Further experiments with immunization against sperm have no practical value, since the increase of amounts of antibiotics in the circulatory system of animals does not necessarily affect the genitals.

• Klíčová slova
• Conferences And Congresses *, Contraception, Contraception Research *, Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen, Contraceptive Agents, Progestin, Family Planning,
• MeSH
• antikoncepce normy   MeSH
• kontraceptiva škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ovulace účinky léků   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• kontraceptiva MeSH