Graphene-based nanomaterials have been intensively studied for their properties, modifications, and application potential. Biomedical applications are one of the main directions of research in this field. This review summarizes the research results which were obtained in the last two years (2017-2019), especially those related to drug/gene/protein delivery systems and materials with antimicrobial properties. Due to the large number of studies in the area of carbon nanomaterials, attention here is focused only on 2D structures, i.e. graphene, graphene oxide, and reduced graphene oxide.

• Klíčová slova
• biomedical applications, drug delivery systems, graphene, graphene oxide, graphene-based nanomaterials, nanoformulations,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Significant upsurge in animal by-products such as skin, bones, wool, hides, feathers, and fats has become a global challenge and, if not properly disposed of, can spread contamination and viral diseases. Animal by-products are rich in proteins, which can be used as nutritional, pharmacologically functional ingredients, and biomedical materials. Therefore, recycling these abundant and renewable by-products and extracting high value-added components from them is a sustainable approach to reclaim animal by-products while addressing scarce landfill resources. This article appraises the most recent studies conducted in the last five years on animal-derived proteins' separation and biomedical application. The effort encompasses an introduction about the composition, an overview of the extraction and purification methods, and the broad range of biomedical applications of these ensuing proteins.

• Klíčová slova
• Animal by-products, biomedical applications, extraction, proteins,
• MeSH
• proteiny * MeSH
• recyklace * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• proteiny * MeSH

MXene quantum dots (QDs), with their unique structural, optical, magnetic, and electronic characteristics, are promising contenders for various pharmaceutical and biomedical appliances including biological sensing/imaging, cancer diagnosis/therapy, regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, delivery of drugs/genes, and analytical biochemistry. Although functionalized MXene QDs have demonstrated high biocompatibility, superb optical properties, and stability, several challenging issues pertaining to their long-term toxicity, histopathology, biodistribution, biodegradability, and photoluminescence properties are still awaiting systematic study (especially the move towards the practical and clinical phases from the pre-clinical/lab-scale discoveries). The up-scalable and optimized synthesis methods need to be developed not only for the MXene QD-based nanosystems but also for other smart platforms and hybrid nanocomposites encompassing MXenes with vast clinical and biomedical potentials. Enhancing the functionalization strategies, improvement of synthesis methods, cytotoxicity/biosafety evaluations, enriching the biomedical applications, and exploring additional MXene QDs are crucial aspects for developing the smart MXene QD-based nanosystems with improved features. Herein, recent developments concerning the biomedical applications of MXene QDs are underscored with emphasis on current trends and future prospects.

• Klíčová slova
• MXene quantum dots, MXenes, biocompatibility, biomedical applications, smart nanosystems, toxicity,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

This paper deals with composite structures for biomedical applications. For this purpose, an architectured tubular structure composed of Nickel Titanium (NiTi) Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) and silicone rubber was fabricated. One of the main interests of such structures is to ensure a good adhesion between its two constitutive materials. A previous study of the authors (Rey et al., 2014) has shown that the adhesion between NiTi and silicone rubber can be improved by an adhesion promoter or plasma treatment. However, adhesion promoters are often not biocompatible. Hence, plasma treatment is favored to be used in the present study. Three different gases were tested; air, argon and oxygen. The effects of these treatments on the maximum force required to pull-out a NiTi wire from the silicone rubber matrix were investigated by means of pull-out tests carried out with a self-developed device. Among the three gases, a higher maximum force was obtained for argon gas in the plasma treatment. A tube shaped architectured NiTi/silicone rubber structure was then produced using this treatment. The composite was tested by means of a bulge test. Results open a new way of investigations for architectured NiTi-silicone structures for biomechanical applications.

• Klíčová slova
• Adhesion, Architectured composite, Biomedical applications, Filled silicone rubber, Interface, NiTi,
• MeSH
• argon chemie   MeSH
• kyslík chemie   MeSH
• nikl krev   chemie   MeSH
• pevnost v tahu MeSH
• silikonové elastomery chemie   MeSH
• slitiny chemie   MeSH
• testování materiálů MeSH
• titan krev   chemie   MeSH
• vzduch MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• argon MeSH
• kyslík MeSH
• nikl MeSH
• silikonové elastomery MeSH
• slitiny MeSH
• titan MeSH
• titanium nickelide MeSH Prohlížeč

Carbon and graphene quantum dots are prepared using top-down and bottom-up methods. Sustainable synthesis of quantum dots has several advantages such as the use of low-cost and non-toxic raw materials, simple operations, expeditious reactions, renewable resources and straightforward post-processing steps. These nanomaterials are promising for clinical and biomedical sciences, especially in bioimaging, diagnosis, bioanalytical assays and biosensors. Here we review green methods for the fabrication of quantum dots, and biomedical and biotechnological applications.

• Klíčová slova
• Bioimaging, Biomedical applications, Biotechnological applications, Cancer, Carbon dots, Diagnosis, Graphene quantum dots, Quantum dots, Sustainable synthesis,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

After having grown through the stages of technique development and instrumentation availability, capillary electrophoresis has reached the stage of applications. This review attempts to show the potential of this technique for biomedical analysis. Rather than going into a detailed description of the technical details of the separation conditions suitable for the separation of a particular category of compounds, the focus is on the general principles and areas in which this technique can be applied and the prospects for the future. Particular emphasis is placed on the separation of complex matrices and their simplification, a daily task in biomedical laboratories. In addition, methods for the optimization of separation conditions are considered. Considerable prospects for capillary electrophoresis lie in profiling. The applicability of the technique in peptide and protein mapping is discussed in some detail. Finally, three other topics are dealt with, namely enzymic activity microassays, drug-protein binding assays and monitoring of drugs in body fluids.

• MeSH
• elektroforéza * MeSH
• klinická chemie přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

The prospective uses of tree gum polysaccharides and their nanostructures in various aspects of food, water, energy, biotechnology, environment and medicine industries, have garnered a great deal of attention recently. In addition to extensive applications of tree gums in food, there are substantial non-food applications of these commercial gums, which have gained widespread attention due to their availability, structural diversity and remarkable properties as 'green' bio-based renewable materials. Tree gums are obtainable as natural polysaccharides from various tree genera possessing exceptional properties, including their renewable, biocompatible, biodegradable, and non-toxic nature and their ability to undergo easy chemical modifications. This review focuses on non-food applications of several important commercially available gums (arabic, karaya, tragacanth, ghatti and kondagogu) for the greener synthesis and stabilization of metal/metal oxide NPs, production of electrospun fibers, environmental bioremediation, bio-catalysis, biosensors, coordination complexes of metal-hydrogels, and for antimicrobial and biomedical applications. Furthermore, polysaccharides acquired from botanical, seaweed, animal, and microbial origins are briefly compared with the characteristics of tree gum exudates.

• Klíčová slova
• Antibacterial, Biomedical, Biosensors, Environmental bioremediation, Greener synthesis, Hydrogel, Nanoparticles and nanofibers, Tree gums,
• MeSH
• antiinfekční látky chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• biodegradace MeSH
• biomedicínské technologie MeSH
• biosenzitivní techniky MeSH
• hydrogely metabolismus   MeSH
• nanostruktury MeSH
• nanotechnologie * MeSH
• nanovlákna chemie   MeSH
• polysacharidy metabolismus   MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• rostlinné exsudáty chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• rostlinné gumy chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• stromy chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• technologie zelené chemie MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antiinfekční látky MeSH
• hydrogely MeSH
• polysacharidy MeSH
• rostlinné exsudáty MeSH
• rostlinné gumy MeSH

Polymeric nanocomposites have been outstanding functional materials and have garnered immense attention as sustainable materials to address multi-disciplinary problems. MXenes have emerged as a newer class of 2D materials that produce metallic conductivity upon interaction with hydrophilic species, and their delamination affords monolayer nanoplatelets of a thickness of about one nm and a side size in the micrometer range. Delaminated MXene has a high aspect ratio, making it an alluring nanofiller for multifunctional polymer nanocomposites. Herein, we have classified and discussed the structure, properties and application of major polysaccharide-based electroactive hydrogels (hyaluronic acid (HA), alginate sodium (SA), chitosan (CS) and cellulose) in biomedical applications, starting with the brief historical account of MXene's development followed by successive discussions on the synthesis methods, structures and properties of nanocomposites encompassing polysaccharides and MXenes, including their biomedical applications, cytotoxicity and biocompatibility aspects. Finally, the MXenes and their utility in the biomedical arena is deliberated with an eye on potential opportunities and challenges anticipated for them in the future, thus promoting their multifaceted applications.

• Klíčová slova
• MXenes (Ti3C2Tx), biomedical, nanocomposites, nanomaterials, nanotechnology,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Chitin, a polysaccharide that occurs abundantly in nature after cellulose, has attracted the interest of the scientific community due to its plenty of availability and low cost. Mostly, it is derived from the exoskeleton of insects and marine crustaceans. Often, it is insoluble in common solvents that limit its applications but its deacetylated product, named chitosan is found to be soluble in protonated aqueous medium and used widely in various biomedical fields. Indeed, the existence of the primary amino group on the backbone of chitosan provides it an important feature to modify it chemically into other derivatives easily. In the present review, we present the structural properties of chitin, and its derivatives and highlighted their biomedical implications including, tissue engineering, drug delivery, diagnosis, molecular imaging, antimicrobial activity, and wound healing. We further discussed the limitations and prospects of this versatile natural polysaccharide.

• Klíčová slova
• Bio-medical applications, Chitin, Chitosan, Polysaccharide, Structural properties,
• MeSH
• antiinfekční látky chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• biokompatibilní materiály chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• chitin chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• hmyz chemie   MeSH
• hojení ran účinky léků   MeSH
• konformace sacharidů MeSH
• korýši chemie   MeSH
• lékové transportní systémy MeSH
• skořápky zvířat chemie   MeSH
• tkáňové inženýrství MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antiinfekční látky MeSH
• biokompatibilní materiály MeSH
• chitin MeSH

Fibrin is a versatile biopolymer that has been extensively used in tissue engineering. In this paper fibrin nanostructures prepared using a technique based on the catalytic effect of fibrin-bound thrombin are presented. This technique enables surface-attached thin fibrin networks to form with precisely regulated morphology without the development of fibrin gel in bulk solution. Moreover, the influence of changing the polymerization time, along with the antithrombin III and heparin concentrations on the morphology of fibrin nanostructures was explored. The binding of bioactive molecules (fibronectin, laminin, collagen, VEGF, bFGF, and heparin) to fibrin nanostructures was confirmed. These nanostructures can be used for the surface modification of artificial biomaterials designed for different biomedical applications (e.g. artificial vessels, stents, heart valves, bone and cartilage constructs, skin grafts, etc.) in order to promote the therapeutic outcome.

• MeSH
• adsorpce MeSH
• antithrombin III MeSH
• biokompatibilní materiály * MeSH
• fibrin chemie   MeSH
• fibrinogen chemie   MeSH
• heparin MeSH
• nanostruktury chemie   MeSH
• polymerizace MeSH
• trombin chemie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antithrombin III MeSH
• biokompatibilní materiály * MeSH
• fibrin MeSH
• fibrinogen MeSH
• heparin MeSH
• trombin MeSH