Cyclodextrin (CD) polymers are interesting nanoparticulate systems for pharmaceutical delivery; however, knowledge regarding their applications towards delivery into complex microbial biofilm structures is so far limited. The challenge is to demonstrate penetration and transport through the biofilm and its exopolysaccharide matrix. The ideal functionalization for penetration into mature biofilms is unexplored. In this paper, we present a novel set of rhodamine labelled βCD-polymers, with different charge moieties, i.e., neutral, anionic, and cationic, and explore their potential delivery into mature Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms using multiphoton laser scanning microscopy (MPM). The S. epidermidis biofilms, being a medically relevant model organism, were stained with SYTO9. By using MPM, three-dimensional imaging and spectral investigation of the distribution of the βCD-polymers could be obtained. It was found that the cationic βCD-polymers showed significantly higher integration into the biofilms, compared to neutral and anionic functionalized βCDs. None of the carriers presented any inherent toxicity to the biofilms, meaning that the addition of rhodamine moiety does not affect the inertness of the delivery system. Taken together, this study demonstrates a novel approach by which delivery of fluorescently labelled CD nanoparticles to bacterial biofilms can be explored using MPM. Future studies should be undertaken investigating the potential in using cationic functionalization of CD based delivery systems for targeting anti-microbial effects in biofilms.

• Klíčová slova
• Charge functionalization, Cyclodextrin polymers, Multiphoton laser scanning microscopy, Rhodamine, Spectral analysis, Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm,
• MeSH
• biofilmy * MeSH
• celulosa chemie   MeSH
• cyklodextriny chemie   MeSH
• fluorescenční barviva MeSH
• nanočástice chemie   MeSH
• rhodaminy MeSH
• Staphylococcus epidermidis MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• celulosa MeSH
• cyclodextrin polymer MeSH Prohlížeč
• cyklodextriny MeSH
• fluorescenční barviva MeSH
• rhodaminy MeSH

There has been growing interest in polymeric systems that break down or undergo property changes in response to stimuli. Such polymers can play important roles in biological systems, where they can be used to control the release of therapeutics, modulate imaging signals, actuate movement, or direct the growth of cells. In this Perspective, after discussing the most important stimuli relevant to biological applications, we will present a selection of recent exciting developments. The growing importance of stimuli-responsive polysaccharides will be discussed, followed by a variety of stimuli-responsive polymeric systems for the delivery of small molecule drugs and nucleic acids. Switchable polymers for the emerging area of therapeutic response measurement in theranostics will be described. Then, the diverse functions that can be achieved using hydrogels cross-linked covalently, as well as by various dynamic approaches will be presented. Finally, we will discuss some of the challenges and future perspectives for the field.

• MeSH
• chytré polymery * chemie   MeSH
• hydrogely * chemie   MeSH
• lékové transportní systémy metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• polymery chemie   MeSH
• polysacharidy chemie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• chytré polymery * MeSH
• hydrogely * MeSH
• polymery MeSH
• polysacharidy MeSH

Inspired by the responsiveness of natural systems to their surrounding environments, researchers have sought to understand these biological processes and to develop functional stimuli-responsive polymeric systems for a wide range of applications such as drug delivery, imaging, and regenerative medicine. Both synthetic polymers and biopolymers have been studied and incorporated into assemblies of different morphologies as well as hydrogels with diverse shapes and dimensions. This special issue highlights recent research advances in this area, as well as exciting challenges to be tackled in the upcoming years.

• MeSH
• biokompatibilní materiály chemie   MeSH
• biopolymery chemie   MeSH
• chytré polymery chemie   MeSH
• hydrogely * chemie   MeSH
• lékové transportní systémy metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• polymery chemie   MeSH
• regenerativní lékařství metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• úvodní články MeSH
• úvodníky MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biokompatibilní materiály MeSH
• biopolymery MeSH
• chytré polymery MeSH
• hydrogely * MeSH
• polymery MeSH

The aim of this electrochemical study was to ascertain which type of electrochemically deposited carbonyl functionalized polymer represents the most suitable electrode substrate for direct covalent immobilization of biological catalysts (enzymes). For this purpose, a triad of amperometric biosensors differing in the type of conductive polymers (poly-vanillin, poly-trans-cinnamaldehyde, and poly-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde) and in the functioning of selected enzymes (tyrosinase and alkaline phosphatase) has been compared for the biosensing of neurotransmitters (dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and serotonin) and phenyl phosphates (p-aminophenyl phosphate and hydroquinone diphosphate). The individual layers of the polymers were electrochemically deposited onto commercially available screen-printed carbon electrodes (type C110) using repetitive potential cycling in the linear voltammetric mode. Their characterization was subsequently performed by SEM imaging and attenuated total reflectance FTIR spectroscopy. Molecules of enzymes were covalently bonded to the free carbonyl groups in polymers via the Schiff base formation, in some cases even with the use of special cross-linkers. The as-prepared biosensors have been examined using cyclic voltammetry and amperometric detection. In this way, the role of the carbonyl groups embedded in the polymeric structure was defined with respect to the efficiency of binding enzymes, and consequently, via the final (electro)analytical performance.

• Klíčová slova
• Schiff base formation, amperometric detection, carbonyl functional polymer, catalytic biosensor, electropolymerization, enzyme, phenolic compounds,
• MeSH
• biosenzitivní techniky * metody   MeSH
• elektrochemické techniky * metody   MeSH
• elektrody MeSH
• polymery chemie   MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• skot MeSH
• spektroskopie infračervená s Fourierovou transformací MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• skot MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• polymery MeSH

The precise design of bioactive surfaces, essential for the advancement of many biomedical applications, depends on achieving control of the surface architecture as well as on the ability to attach bioreceptors to antifouling surfaces. Herein, we report a facile avenue toward hierarchically structured antifouling polymer brushes of oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylates via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) presenting photoactive tetrazole moieties, which permitted their functionalization via nitrile imine-mediated tetrazole-ene cyclocloaddition (NITEC). A maleimide-functional ATRP initiator was photoclicked to the side chains of a brush enabling a subsequent polymerization of carboxybetaine acrylamide to generate a micropatterned graft-on-graft polymer architecture as evidenced by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). Furthermore, the spatially resolved biofunctionalization of the tetrazole-presenting brushes was accessed by the photoligation of biotin-maleimide and subsequent binding of streptavidin. The functionalized brushes bearing streptavidin were able to resist the fouling from blood plasma (90% reduction with respect to bare gold). Moreover, they were employed to demonstrate a model biosensor by immobilization of a biotinylated antibody and subsequent capture of an antigen as monitored in real time by surface plasmon resonance.

• MeSH
• fotochemie MeSH
• fotoelektronová spektroskopie MeSH
• hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
• methakryláty chemie   MeSH
• polyethylenglykoly chemie   MeSH
• polymery chemie   MeSH
• povrchové vlastnosti MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• methakryláty MeSH
• polyethylenglykoly MeSH
• polymery MeSH

Fluorine magnetic resonance imaging (19F MRI) is a rapidly evolving research area with a high potential to advance the field of clinical diagnostics. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent progress in the field of fluorinated stimuli-responsive polymers applied as 19F MRI tracers. These polymers respond to internal or external stimuli (e.g., temperature, pH, oxidative stress, and specific molecules) by altering their physicochemical properties, such as self-assembly, drug release, and polymer degradation. Incorporating noninvasive 19F labels enables us to track the biodistribution of such polymers. Furthermore, by triggering polymer transformation, we can induce changes in 19F MRI signals, including attenuation, amplification, and chemical shift changes, to monitor alterations in the environment of the tracer. Ultimately, this review highlights the emerging potential of stimuli-responsive fluoropolymer 19F MRI tracers in the current context of polymer diagnostics research.

• MeSH
• chytré polymery chemie   MeSH
• fluor chemie   MeSH
• koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
• kontrastní látky chemie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie metody   MeSH
• polymery chemie   MeSH
• zobrazování fluorovou magnetickou rezonancí * metody   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• chytré polymery MeSH
• fluor MeSH
• kontrastní látky MeSH
• polymery MeSH

Advanced drug delivery systems (DDS) are easily designed following a photoiterative strategy. Multifunctional polymers are obtained by coupling building blocks of interest to an alkynated poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) platform via an efficient thiol-yne photoaddition. Fine-tuning over the design is achieved, as illustrated with targeting and enzyme-responsive DDS.

• Klíčová slova
• drug delivery systems, functionalization of polymers, photochemistry, polyesters, stimuli-responsive polymers,
• MeSH
• alkyny chemie   MeSH
• fotochemické procesy * MeSH
• HEK293 buňky MeSH
• kurkumin aplikace a dávkování   chemie   MeSH
• lékové transportní systémy metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
• nanostruktury aplikace a dávkování   chemie   MeSH
• polyestery chemie   MeSH
• polyethylenglykoly chemie   MeSH
• protinádorové látky aplikace a dávkování   chemie   MeSH
• sulfhydrylové sloučeniny chemie   MeSH
• viabilita buněk účinky léků   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• alkyny MeSH
• kurkumin MeSH
• poly(epsilon-caprolactone)-poly(oxyethylene)-poly(epsilon-caprolactone) MeSH Prohlížeč
• polyestery MeSH
• polyethylenglykoly MeSH
• protinádorové látky MeSH
• sulfhydrylové sloučeniny MeSH

Beyond graphene, 2D pnictogen polymers are rapidly growing among the family of 2D materials. Due to their unique properties, this group has received considerable interest in recent years. Those properties include tunable electronic band gaps, high charge carrier mobility, and in-plane anisotropic properties. This Review covers the noncovalent functionalization of pnictogen surfaces considering experimental and theoretical studies. Noncovalent functionalization is of great importance for effective modulation of the electronic structure of these materials as well as improvement of their stability toward surface oxidation. This Review highlights their noncovalent modification by organic molecules, in which enhanced surface stability of phosphorene and generated functionalized materials for applications in biomedical, supercapacitors, energy storage, and biosensors. Moreover, the noncovalent interactions with small molecules show its significance for sensing applications. Lastly, the interactions of pnictogen sheets with other 2D materials and their applications for van der Waals heterostructure formation are discussed. Current state-of-the-art as well as future perspectives in this field are covered.

• Klíčová slova
• antimonene, arsenene, noncovalent functionalization, phosphorene, pnictogens,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Most air-stable 2D materials are relatively inert, which makes their chemical modification difficult. In particular, in the case of MoS2 , the semiconducting 2 H-MoS2 is much less reactive than its metallic counterpart, 1T-MoS2 . As a consequence, there are hardly any reliable methods for the covalent modification of 2 H-MoS2 . An ideal method for the chemical functionalization of such materials should be both mild, not requiring the introduction of a large number of defects, and versatile, allowing for the decoration with as many different functional groups as possible. Herein, a comprehensive study on the covalent functionalization of 2 H-MoS2 with maleimides is presented. The use of a base (Et3 N) leads to the in situ formation of a succinimide polymer layer, covalently connected to MoS2 . In contrast, in the absence of base, functionalization stops at the molecular level. Moreover, the functionalization protocol is mild (occurs at room temperature), fast (nearly complete in 1 h), and very flexible (11 different solvents and 10 different maleimides tested). In practical terms, the procedures described here allow for the chemist to manipulate 2 H-MoS2 in a very flexible way, decorating it with polymers or molecules, and with a wide range of functional groups for subsequent modification. Conceptually, the spurious formation of an organic polymer might be general to other methods of functionalization of 2D materials, where a large excess of molecular reagents is typically used.

• Klíčová slova
• 2D materials, MoS2, click chemistry, covalent functionalization, maleimide,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Electrospinning has garnered significant attention in view of its many advantages such as feasibility for various polymers, scalability required for mass production, and ease of processing. Extensive studies have been devoted to the use of electrospinning to fabricate various electrospun nanofibers derived from carbohydrate gum polymers in combination with synthetic polymers and/or additives of inorganic or organic materials with gums. In view of the versatility and the widespread choice of precursors that can be deployed for electrospinning, various gums from both, the plants and microbial-based gum carbohydrates are holistically and/or partially included in the electrospinning solution for the preparation of functional composite nanofibers. Moreover, our strategy encompasses a combination of natural gums with other polymers/inorganic or nanoparticles to ensue distinct properties. This early established milestone in functional carbohydrate gum polymer-based composite nanofibers may be deployed by specialized researchers in the field of nanoscience and technology, and especially for exploiting electrospinning of natural gums composites for diverse applications.

• Klíčová slova
• Bacterial gums, Biomedical applications, Composite nanofibers, Electrospinning, Gum carbohydrate polymers, Plant-based gums,
• MeSH
• biokompatibilní materiály chemie   MeSH
• elektřina MeSH
• nanočástice chemie   MeSH
• nanovlákna chemie   MeSH
• polymery chemie   MeSH
• sacharidy chemie   MeSH
• tkáňové inženýrství metody   MeSH
• tkáňové podpůrné struktury chemie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biokompatibilní materiály MeSH
• polymery MeSH
• sacharidy MeSH