The soil and human health issues are closely linked. Properly managed nitrogen (N) does not endanger human health and increases crop production, nevertheless when overused and uncontrolled, can contribute to side effects. This research was intended to highlight that there is a need for carrying out monitoring studies in agricultural areas in order to expand the available knowledge on the content of N forms in agricultural lands and proper management in farming practice. The impact of two types of fertilization, concerning spatially variable (VRA) and uniform (UNI) N dose, on the distribution of N forms in soils was analyzed. The analysis was performed on the basis of soil monitoring data from agricultural fields located in three different experimental sites in Poland. The analyses performed at selected sites were supported by statistical evaluation and recognition of spatial diversification of N forms in soil. It was revealed that the movement of unused N forms to deeper parts of the soil, and therefore to the groundwater system, is more limited due to VRA fertilization. Finally, it was also concluded that the management in agricultural practice should be based on the prediction of spatial variability of soil properties that allow to ensure proper application of N fertilizers, resulting in the reduction of possible N losses.

• Klíčová slova
• ammonium, fertilization, migration of nitrogen forms, nitrate,
• MeSH
• dusík * analýza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• průmyslová hnojiva analýza   MeSH
• půda * MeSH
• zemědělství MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Polsko MeSH
• Názvy látek
• dusík * MeSH
• průmyslová hnojiva MeSH
• půda * MeSH

The main goals of the following paper are to evaluate the performance of two multispectral airborne sensors and compare their image data with in situ spectral measurements. Moreover, the authors aim to present an enhanced workflow for processing multitemporal image data using both commercial and open-source solutions. The research was provoked by the need for a relevant comparison between airborne and ground sensors for vegetation analysis and monitoring. The research team used an eBee fixed-wing platform and the multiSPEC 4c and Sequoia sensors. The authors carried out field measurements using a handheld spectrometer by Trimble-GreenSeeker. There were two flight campaigns which took place near the village of Tuhan in the Czech Republic. The results from the first campaign were discouraging, showing less possibility in the correlation between the aerial and field data. The second campaign resulted in a very high percentage of correlation between both types of data. The researchers present the image processing steps and their enhanced photogrammetric workflow for multitemporal data which helps experts and nonprofessionals to reduce their processing time.

• Klíčová slova
• NDVI, agriculture, gdal, pyQGIS, python, sensors,
• MeSH
• algoritmy * MeSH
• počítačové zpracování obrazu MeSH
• zemědělství * metody   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

One of the main aims of European Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has been established on a considerable reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions without any decline in productivity by 2030. This introduces some challenges in the assessment of agricultural technical efficiency. In particular, we can formulate at least two problems that are worth to be addressed: (i) possibility of treating undesirable outputs and (ii) panel data analysis of agricultural technical efficiency enriched by eco-efficiency assessment. In this study, we applied a Window Slack-Based Measurement Data Envelopment Analysis (W-SBM-DEA) model in the presence of undesirable outputs to evaluate the performance of agriculture sector of EU-27 countries during the period from 2008 to 2017. The country-level cultivated agricultural area, labor, specific costs, overheads, and depreciation were considered as the model inputs, and the gross value of country-level crop and livestock products represented the desirable outputs. The agricultural total GHG emissions at the country-level were accounted for as the undesirable output in the model. Having compared the results of different models, the substantial difference in the performance of the EU countries was registered mainly due to incorporating undesirable outputs and window analysis when using SBM-DEA model. The results of eco-efficiency assessment indicated that the Netherlands, Belgium, Italy, and Malta are the most eco-efficient countries with a score higher than 0.90, while the lowest eco-efficiency scores were reported for Slovakia, Latvia, and Estonia. The highest average eco-efficiency scores of all EU members were registered in 2011 (0.82), 2012 (0.83), and 2017 (0.84). A comparison of eco-efficiency performance between the old and new EU members indicated that the greater scores were obtained by old EU members. The variability assessment results showed a low variability and subsequently a high stability in the European agricultural sector, particularly in the Netherlands, Italy, and Malta. Based on our findings, it was concluded that for assessing agricultural technical efficiency in European agriculture in the context of eco-efficiency, application of a W-DEA model with undesirable output for a specified period of time reduces the impacts of temporary changes and provides more realistic results when comparing to models without undesirable output. These more realistic assessments of technical efficiency could help policy-makers to make more precise decisions.

• Klíčová slova
• Agriculture, Eco-efficiency, European Union, Productivity, SBM, Undesirable output, Window-DEA,
• MeSH
• Evropská unie MeSH
• skleníkové plyny * MeSH
• výkonnost MeSH
• zemědělství MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Nizozemsko MeSH
• Názvy látek
• skleníkové plyny * MeSH

Understanding the distribution of wild medicinal plants and areas that are suitable for cultivation of these plants is important for both conservation and agriculture. Here, we study ten taxa with known ethnopharmacological uses, which have been used extensively in traditional medicine and as culinary supplements. We aim to (1) predict and map the potential habitat suitability for these taxa across the study area, (2) investigate spatial patterns that could have management implications, such as niche similarities among the taxa and suitability "hotspots" with the use of novel indices, and (3) develop a platform where parts of this information can be accessed and utilized by all interested groups, from the policy-maker level to the individual practitioner level. Ecological Niche Models developed for each study taxon, based on topographic, bioclimatic, soil, and land use variables had high predictive power and were used as the basis for suitability visualization. A series of informative indices were also calculated and mapped, revealing spatial patterns not readily observable from the single-taxon predictions, and providing valuable information to managers. Finally, a web-based, easy-to-use application was also created, where the predicted suitability scores for the study area can be made accessible to anyone interested. The application can provide information both in a visual form (i.e. maps of predicted suitability) and in a numerical form (i.e. estimated suitability scores for all taxa in a given geographical location). This study provides the scientific tools to make a step towards cultivating a group of economically important wild medicinal plants in Crete, as well as the tools to disseminate this information to decision makers and practitioners, and eventually integrate the research findings in local agricultural practices.

• Klíčová slova
• Conservation, Ecological Niche Modelling, Interactive decision support, Medicinal plants, Resupply ethnopharmacological plants,
• MeSH
• ekosystém * MeSH
• léčivé rostliny * MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí metody   MeSH
• tradiční lékařství MeSH
• zemědělství * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Řecko MeSH

UWB positioning systems offer innovative solutions for precision monitoring dairy cow behaviour and social dynamics, yet their performance in complex commercial barn environments requires thorough validation. This study evaluated the TrackLab 2.13 (Noldus) UWB system in a dairy barn housing 44-49 cows. We assessed stationary tag positioning using ten fixed tags over seven days, proximity detection between eight cows and ten stationary tags, and moving tag positioning using three tags on a stick to simulate cow movement. System performance varied by tag location, with reliability ranging from 4.09% to 96.73% and an overall mean accuracy of 0.126 ± 0.278 m for stationary tags. After the provider updated the software, only 0.62% of measures exceeded the declared accuracy of 0.30 m. Proximity detection between moving cows and stationary tags showed 81.42% accuracy within a 2-m range. While generally meeting specifications, spatial variations in accuracy and reliability were observed, particularly near barn perimeters. These findings highlight UWB technology's potential for precision livestock farming, welfare assessment, and behaviour research, including social interactions and space use patterns. Results emphasise the need for careful system setup, regular updates, and context-aware data interpretation in commercial settings to maximise benefits in animal welfare monitoring.

• Klíčová slova
• UWB, accuracy, dairy cow, indoor, positioning, precision, proximity,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

As the need to monitor agriculture parameters intensifies, the development of new sensor nodes for data collection is crucial. These sensor types naturally require power for operation, but conventional battery-based power solutions have certain limitations. This study investigates the potential of harnessing the natural temperature gradient between soil and air to power wireless sensor nodes deployed in environments such as agricultural areas or remote off-grid locations where the use of batteries as a power source is impractical. We evaluated existing devices that exploit similar energy sources and applied the results to develop a state-of-the-art device for extensive testing over a 12-month period. Our main objective was to precisely measure the temperature on a thermoelectric generator (TEG) (a Peltier cell, in particular) and assess the device's energy yield. The device harvested 7852.2 J of electrical energy during the testing period. The experiment highlights the viability of using environmental temperature differences to power wireless sensor nodes in off-grid and battery-constrained applications. The results indicate significant potential for the device as a sustainable energy solution in agricultural monitoring scenarios.

• Klíčová slova
• IoT, energy harvesting, environmental monitoring, smart agriculture, temperature measurement, thermoelectric generator,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The integration of Precision Agriculture (PA) technologies into organic farming offers substantial potential for enhancing efficiency and sustainability, yet adoption rates vary significantly across countries. This study presents a model for assessing PA adoption in organic farming within the Visegrad Group countries: Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia using a survey-based approach. Key technologies examined include drones, sensors, and robots used in organic crop and livestock production. Findings indicate that the Czech Republic leads in drone usage for soil monitoring (70 %), Hungary excels in soil moisture sensors (55 %), Slovakia prioritizes drones for fertilizer application (75 %), and Poland shows significant use of robots for harvesting and seed planting (33 %). This model effectively highlights cross-country differences in PA technology adoption and associated environmental outcomes, addressing a gap in understanding PA use in organic farming in Visegrad group countries. The results of the study provide actionable insights for improving the adoption of Precision Agriculture technologies in organic farming across the selected countries. The findings offer valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders promoting sustainable agricultural innovation. Limitations include reliance on survey data, which may impact broader applicability, and a geographic focus on the Visegrad region, suggesting the need for future studies in other areas.

• Klíčová slova
• Industry 4.0, Organic production, Precision agriculture, Technology, V4 countries,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Fungi contain species with a plethora of ways of adapting to life in nature. Consequently, they produce large amounts of diverse biomolecules that can be generated on a large scale and in an affordable manner. This makes fungi an attractive alternative for many biotechnological processes. Ascomycetes and basidiomycetes are the most commonly used fungi for synthesis of metal-containing nanoparticles (NPs). The advantages of NPs created by fungi include the use of non-toxic fungus-produced biochemicals, energy efficiency, ambient temperature, pressure conditions, and the ability to control and tune the crystallinity, shape, and size of the NPs. Furthermore, the presence of biomolecules might serve a dual function as agents in NP formation and also capping that can tailor the (bio)activity of subsequent NPs. This review summarizes and reviews the synthesis of different metal, metal oxide, metal sulfide, and other metal-based NPs mediated by reactive media derived from various species. The phyla ascomycetes and basidiomycetes are presented separately. Moreover, the practical application of NP mycosynthesis, particularly in the fields of biomedicine, catalysis, biosensing, mosquito control, and precision agriculture as nanofertilizers and nanopesticides, has been studied so far. Finally, an outlook is provided, and future recommendations are proposed with an emphasis on the areas where mycosynthesized NPs have greater potential than NPs synthesized using physicochemical approaches. A deeper investigation of the mechanisms of NP formation in fungi-based media is needed, as is a focus on the transfer of NP mycosynthesis from the laboratory to large-scale production and application.

• Klíčová slova
• antimicrobial agent, biomedicine, catalyst, extracellular extracts, fungal synthesis, intracellular extracts, nanobiosensors, nanofertilizer, precision agriculture,
• MeSH
• Ascomycota * MeSH
• Basidiomycota * MeSH
• kovové nanočástice * chemie   MeSH
• kovy MeSH
• oxidy MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• kovy MeSH
• oxidy MeSH

The study aimed to explore if milkability parameters could reliably predict the dimensions of teat structures and their milking-induced changes. Ultrasonography repeatedly measured the teat structures of 48 Holstein cows from mid to late lactation. We found that milking-induced changes in each structure are affected by different milkability parameters. Regression models for teat canal change and length change were significant, and variability was found to be 46.03% and 21.50%, respectively. Similarly, the teat structure's dimensions significantly affected milkability parameters, which differed for each structure. However, regression models only explained between 3.36% (teat length) and 7.59% (cistern) of variability. The prediction potential, performed based on milkability, is limited if the initial dimensions of structures are not provided. If teat dimensions were measured at the beginning of the production life, automatically collected milkability data could be used to calculate milking-induced changes incurred with each milking and the development of teat dimensions over the production life. If perfected, this tool could provide alerts about critical milking-induced changes and risky teat conformation traits, as they have a proven effect on udder health and are reliable indicators of milking effectiveness.

• Klíčová slova
• dairy cows, milkability, precision agriculture, teat canal, udder health, ultrasonography,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Rice is a premier staple food that constitutes the bulk of the daily diet of the majority of people in Asia. Agricultural productivity must be boosted to support this huge demand for rice. However, production is jeopardized by soil salinity. Advances in whole-genome sequencing, marker-assisted breeding strategies, and targeted mutagenesis have substantially improved the toolbox of today's breeders. Given that salinity has a major influence on rice at both the seedling and reproductive stages, understanding and manipulating this trait will have an enormous impact on sustainable production. This article summarizes recent developments in the understanding of the mechanisms of salt tolerance and how state-of-the-art tools such as RNA guided CRISPR endonuclease technology including targeted mutagenesis or base and prime editing can help in gene discovery and functional analysis as well as in transferring favorable alleles into elite breeding material to speed the breeding of salt-tolerant rice cultivars.

• MeSH
• lokus kvantitativního znaku MeSH
• rýže (rod) * genetika   MeSH
• šlechtění rostlin MeSH
• tolerance k soli * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Asie MeSH