The structural characterization of the insulin-insulin receptor (IR) interaction still lacks the conformation of the crucial B21-B30 insulin region, which must be different from that in its storage forms to ensure effective receptor binding. Here, it is shown that insulin analogues modified by natural amino acids at the TyrB26 site can represent an active form of this hormone. In particular, [AsnB26]-insulin and [GlyB26]-insulin attain a B26-turn-like conformation that differs from that in all known structures of the native hormone. It also matches the receptor interface, avoiding substantial steric clashes. This indicates that insulin may attain a B26-turn-like conformation upon IR binding. Moreover, there is an unexpected, but significant, binding specificity of the AsnB26 mutant for predominantly the metabolic B isoform of the receptor. As it is correlated with the B26 bend of the B-chain of the hormone, the structures of AsnB26 analogues may provide the first structural insight into the structural origins of differential insulin signalling through insulin receptor A and B isoforms.

Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v v i Flemingovo nám 2 166 10 Prague 6 Czech Republic

York Structural Biology Laboratory Department of Chemistry The University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD England

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Non-glycosylated IGF2 prohormones are more mitogenic than native IGF2

A radioligand binding assay for the insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor

Mutations at hypothetical binding site 2 in insulin and insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2 result in receptor- and hormone-specific responses

A versatile insulin analog with high potency for both insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptors: Structural implications for receptor binding

Structural Perspectives of Insulin Receptor Isoform-Selective Insulin Analogs

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Rational steering of insulin binding specificity by intra-chain chemical crosslinking

Structural and functional study of the GlnB22-insulin mutant responsible for maturity-onset diabetes of the young

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