Tick-borne diseases represent major public and animal health issues worldwide. Ixodes ricinus, primarily associated with deciduous and mixed forests, is the principal vector of causative agents of viral, bacterial, and protozoan zoonotic diseases in Europe. Recently, abundant tick populations have been observed in European urban green areas, which are of public health relevance due to the exposure of humans and domesticated animals to potentially infected ticks. In urban habitats, small and medium-sized mammals, birds, companion animals (dogs and cats), and larger mammals (roe deer and wild boar) play a role in maintenance of tick populations and as reservoirs of tick-borne pathogens. Presence of ticks infected with tick-borne encephalitis virus and high prevalence of ticks infected with Borrelia burgdorferi s.l., causing Lyme borreliosis, have been reported from urbanized areas in Europe. Emerging pathogens, including bacteria of the order Rickettsiales (Anaplasma phagocytophilum, "Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis," Rickettsia helvetica, and R. monacensis), Borrelia miyamotoi, and protozoans (Babesia divergens, B. venatorum, and B. microti) have also been detected in urban tick populations. Understanding the ecology of ticks and their associations with hosts in a European urbanized environment is crucial to quantify parameters necessary for risk pre-assessment and identification of public health strategies for control and prevention of tick-borne diseases.

Comparative Tropical Medicine and Parasitology Ludwig Maximilians Universität Munich Germany ; Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health University of Leipzig Leipzig Germany

Comparative Tropical Medicine and Parasitology Ludwig Maximilians Universität Munich Germany ; Vetsuisse Faculty Swiss National Centre for Vector Entomology Institute for Parasitology University of Zurich Zürich Switzerland

Department of Parasitology and Zoology Faculty of Veterinary Science Szent István University Budapest Hungary

Fondazione Edmund Mach Research and Innovation Centre San Michele all'Adige Trento Italy

INRA UMR1300 BioEpAR Nantes France ; LUNAM Université Oniris Ecole nationale vétérinaire agroalimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes Atlantique UMR BioEpAR Nantes France

Institute of Vertebrate Biology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v v i Brno Czech Republic

Institute of Virology Slovak Academy of Sciences Bratislava Slovakia

Institute of Zoology Slovak Academy of Sciences Bratislava Slovakia

USC BIPAR INRA ANSES French Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety Maisons Alfort France

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Turning urban wildlife mortality into a surveillance tool: Detection of vector-borne pathogens in carcasses of hedgehogs, squirrels, and blackbirds

European Brown hare (Lepus europaeus) as an accidental host of Trypanosoma pestanai

Deep sequencing of 16 Ixodes ricinus ticks unveils insights into their interactions with endosymbionts

Tick-borne microsporidiosis: ticks as a neglected source of human microsporidian infections?

Spatial and Temporal Variability in Prevalence Rates of Members of the Borrelia burgdorferi Species Complex in Ixodes ricinus Ticks in Urban, Agricultural and Sylvatic Habitats in Slovakia

Iripin-1, a new anti-inflammatory tick serpin, inhibits leukocyte recruitment in vivo while altering the levels of chemokines and adhesion molecules

Evaluation of two artificial infection methods of live ticks as tools for studying interactions between tick-borne viruses and their tick vectors

Hedgehogs and Squirrels as Hosts of Zoonotic Bartonella Species

Iripin-3, a New Salivary Protein Isolated From Ixodes ricinus Ticks, Displays Immunomodulatory and Anti-Hemostatic Properties In Vitro

Enlisting the Ixodes scapularis Embryonic ISE6 Cell Line to Investigate the Neuronal Basis of Tick-Pathogen Interactions

Hedgehogs, Squirrels, and Blackbirds as Sentinel Hosts for Active Surveillance of Borrelia miyamotoi and Borrelia burgdorferi Complex in Urban and Rural Environments

Cholinergic axons regulate type I acini in salivary glands of Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes scapularis ticks

Presence of Roe Deer Affects the Occurrence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum Ecotypes in Questing Ixodes ricinus in Different Habitat Types of Central Europe

Counterattacking the tick bite: towards a rational design of anti-tick vaccines targeting pathogen transmission

Ultrastructural mapping of salivary gland innervation in the tick Ixodes ricinus

Effect of Climate and Land Use on the Spatio-Temporal Variability of Tick-Borne Bacteria in Europe

Prevalence and genetic variability of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in wild rodents from the Italian alps

Dermacentor reticulatus: a vector on the rise

Babesia spp. in ticks and wildlife in different habitat types of Slovakia

Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis in ticks and rodents from urban and natural habitats of South-Western Slovakia