tick-borne pathogens Dotaz Zobrazit nápovědu
Ticks and tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) pose a considerable threat to human and animal health in Mongolia; a large and sparsely inhabited country whose economy is largely dependent on animal production. Intensive contact between herdsmen and their livestock, together with the use of pastures without fencing, allows contact between wildlife, domestic animals and humans, thus creating ideal conditions for epizoonoses and zoonoses. Consequently, ticks and TBPs cause significant medical, veterinary, and economical concern. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge about this zoonotic problem in Mongolia, focusing on tick species from the genera Ixodes, Haemaphysalis, Dermacentor, Hyalomma, and Rhipicephalus, which are associated with particular vegetation zones of the country. The most important tick species of medical and veterinary concern are Ixodes persulcatus and Dermacentor nuttalli, which are found in northern boreal forests and central steppes, respectively. These tick species transmit a wide variety of TBPs, including tick-borne encephalitis virus, Borrelia, Anaplasma, and Rickettsia bacteria, and Babesia parasites infecting rodents, wild ungulates, livestock, and humans. Despite basic characteristics of the biology of ticks and TBPs in Mongolia being known, further research is needed to gain more precise and quantitative data on what tick species and TBPs are currently present within Mongolia, and their effects on human health and animal production.
- MeSH
- Ixodidae fyziologie MeSH
- nemoci přenášené klíšťaty přenos virologie MeSH
- rozšíření zvířat * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Mongolsko MeSH
- MeSH
- klíšťata MeSH
- myši MeSH
- virulence MeSH
- viry klíšťové encefalitidy patogenita růst a vývoj MeSH
- Check Tag
- myši MeSH
Spatial distribution of Ixodes ricinus tick host-seeking activity, as well as prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) were studied in the TBE endemic area of South Bohemia (Czech Republic). High variability in tick abundance detected in a network of 30 study sites was most closely associated with characteristics of vegetation cover. Of 11,182 tested tick samples, 12% carried DNA of spirochete from B. burgdorferi s.l. complex. B. afzelii and B. garinii prevailed among spirochete species. The presence of B. spielmanii in the region was confirmed. The median number of borrelial genome copies in positive samples reached 6.6 × 10(3) by real-time PCR. The total prevalence of TBEV in pooled samples reached 0.32% (20,057 samples tested), at least one TBEV positive tick was present in 21 out of 30 sampling sites.
- MeSH
- Borrelia burgdorferi izolace a purifikace MeSH
- klíště fyziologie MeSH
- klíšťová encefalitida epidemiologie virologie MeSH
- lymeská nemoc epidemiologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- viry klíšťové encefalitidy izolace a purifikace MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Cíl práce: Cílem tříletého sledování (2011–2013) výskytu klíštěte obecného Ixodes ricinus bylo ověřit v oblastech se zvýšenou incidencí klíšťové encefalitidy (zjištěnou v předchozí dekádě 2001–2010) jednak stavy místních populací tohoto přenašeče, jednak jeho infikovanost virem klíšťové encefalitidy. Takto komplexně zaměřený a dlouhodobý výzkum založený na předchozích epidemiologických zjištěních nebyl dosud v Evropě realizován. Materiál a metodika:Ve vybraných lokalitách krajů Ústeckého, Olomouckého, Jihočeského a kraje Vysočina byly stanoveny fixní plochy (každá 600 m2) v optimálních místních habitatech I. ricinus, na nichž byl prováděn každoroční kontrolní sběr v jaroletní a podzimní sezoně aktivity klíšťat. Celkem bylo shromážděno a laboratorně vyšetřeno 18.721 klíšťat I. ricinus (z toho 1448 samic, 1425 samců a 15.848 nymf). Výsledky a závěry: Výsledky ukazují, že pozorované regionální rozdíly v infikovanosti I. ricinus jsou založeny na stavu místní populace těchto klíšťat ovlivněné charakterem celé lokální biocenózy. Dynamika jejích sezonních změn, podmíněná především klimatickými faktory, určuje meziroční rozdíly infikovanosti I. ricinus, a tak i změny epidemiologické situace nákaz klíšťaty přenášených. Číselný poměr aktivních dospělců a nymf klíšťat vykazuje v různých oblastech značnou variabilitu a mohl by být v budoucnu použit jako jeden z indikátorů charakterizujících místní populace I. ricinus, úroveň zoonotické cirkulace viru klíšťové encefalitidy, a tak i zdravotní riziko dané oblasti. Dále bylo zjištěno, že populace klíšťat dotčená lokálně jednorázově působícími extrémními meteorologickými jevy, se rychle meziročně obnovuje. Ačkoliv je stále pozorováno pronikání I. ricinus a jimi přenášených patogenů do vyšších nadmořských poloh, vysoké riziko lidských nákaz virem klíšťové encefalitidy je ve sledovaných regionech dosud do úrovně 600 m n. m.
Study objective: The aim of the three-year study (2011–2013) was to monitor population density of Ixodes ricinus ticks and its infection rate with the tick-borne encephalitis virus in areas with a high incidence of tick-borne encephalitis as reported in the previous decade 2001–2010. Such a comprehensive and long-term study based on existing epidemiological findings has not previously been conducted in Europe. Material and methods: In the areas of the Ústí nad Labem Region, Olomouc Region, South Bohemian Region, and Highlands Region, 600 m2 plots were selected in the local optimal I. ricinus habitats where tick flagging was performed every year in the spring-summer and autumn seasons of the questing activity. In total, 18,721 I. ricinus ticks (1448 females, 1425 males, and 15,848 nymphs) were collected and investigated. Results and conclusion: The results have shown that the differences in the infection rate of I. ricinus observed between regions are driven by variation in the density of the local I. ricinus populations which is influenced by the characteristics of the whole local biocenosis. The overall prevalence estimate of TBE virus in Ixodes ricinus ticks at the altitudes below 600 m a.s.l. was 0.096 % (95% CI 0.055–0.156) for nymphs, and 0.477 % (95% CI 0.272–0.773) for adults. The dynamics of the seasonal variation in I. ricinus populations, depending primarily on the climatic factors, are behind the interyear differences in the infection rate of ticks and, consequently, in the epidemiological situation of tick-borne encephalitis. The nymph to adult ratio was 5.5 on average but showed great interregional variability (from 10.3 in the Ústí nad Labem Region to 1.8 in the Highlands Region). It might be used in the future as one of the indicators of the composition of the local I. ricinus population and of the level of the circulation of tick-borne pathogens in zoonotic sphere and also for use in the health risk assessment in a given area. Despite the permanent expansion of ticks and tick-borne pathogens in higher altitudes the high risk limit for human infection with tick-borne encephalitis is 600 m a.s.l. in the Czech Republic.
- MeSH
- epidemiologické monitorování MeSH
- hodnocení rizik MeSH
- klíště * virologie MeSH
- klíšťová encefalitida epidemiologie MeSH
- lineární modely MeSH
- nadmořská výška * MeSH
- podnebí MeSH
- roční období MeSH
- viry klíšťové encefalitidy * izolace a purifikace MeSH
- životní prostředí MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
The Tomsk region located in the south of Western Siberia is one of the most high-risk areas for tick-borne diseases due to elevated incidence of tick-borne encephalitis and Lyme disease in humans. Wild birds may be considered as one of the reservoirs for tick-borne pathogens and hosts for infected ticks. A high mobility of wild birds leads to unpredictable possibilities for the dissemination of tick-borne pathogens into new geographical regions. The primary goal of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in wild birds and ticks that feed on them as well as to determine the role of different species of birds in maintaining the tick-borne infectious foci. We analysed the samples of 443 wild birds (60 species) and 378 ticks belonging to the genus Ixodes Latraille, 1795 collected from the wild birds, for detecting occurrence of eight tick-borne pathogens, the namely tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), West Nile virus (WNV), and species of Borrelia, Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, Bartonella and Babesia Starcovici, 1893, using RT-PCR/or PCR and enzyme immunoassay. One or more tick-borne infection markers were detected in 43 species of birds. All markers were detected in samples collected from fieldfare Turdus pilaris Linnaeus, Blyth's reed warbler Acrocephalus dumetorum Blyth, common redstart Phoenicurus phoenicurus (Linnaeus), and common chaffinch Fringilla coelebs Linnaeus. Although all pathogens have been identified in birds and ticks, we found that in the majority of cases (75.5 %), there were mismatches of pathogens in birds and ticks collected from them. Wild birds and their ticks may play an extremely important role in the dissemination of tick-borne pathogens into different geographical regions.
- MeSH
- Borrelia * MeSH
- klíště * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nemoci přenášené klíšťaty * epidemiologie veterinární MeSH
- ptáci MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Sibiř MeSH
Ticks, as vectors of several notorious zoonotic pathogens, represent an important and increasing threat for human and animal health in Europe. Recent applications of new technology revealed the complexity of the tick microbiome, which may affect its vectorial capacity. Appreciation of these complex systems is expanding our understanding of tick-borne pathogens, leading us to evolve a more integrated view that embraces the 'pathobiome'; the pathogenic agent integrated within its abiotic and biotic environments. In this review, we will explore how this new vision will revolutionize our understanding of tick-borne diseases. We will discuss the implications in terms of future research approaches that will enable us to efficiently prevent and control the threat posed by ticks.
- MeSH
- klíšťata mikrobiologie virologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikrobiota * MeSH
- nemoci přenášené klíšťaty epidemiologie mikrobiologie přenos virologie MeSH
- zoonózy epidemiologie mikrobiologie přenos virologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Evropa MeSH
