In oxygenic photosynthesis the initial photochemical processes are carried out by photosystem I (PSI) and II (PSII). Although subunit composition varies between cyanobacterial and plastid photosystems, the core structures of PSI and PSII are conserved throughout photosynthetic eukaryotes. So far, the photosynthetic complexes have been characterised in only a small number of organisms. We performed in silico and biochemical studies to explore the organization and evolution of the photosynthetic apparatus in the chromerids Chromera velia and Vitrella brassicaformis, autotrophic relatives of apicomplexans. We catalogued the presence and location of genes coding for conserved subunits of the photosystems as well as cytochrome b6f and ATP synthase in chromerids and other phototrophs and performed a phylogenetic analysis. We then characterised the photosynthetic complexes of Chromera and Vitrella using 2D gels combined with mass-spectrometry and further analysed the purified Chromera PSI. Our data suggest that the photosynthetic apparatus of chromerids underwent unique structural changes. Both photosystems (as well as cytochrome b6f and ATP synthase) lost several canonical subunits, while PSI gained one superoxide dismutase (Vitrella) or two superoxide dismutases and several unknown proteins (Chromera) as new regular subunits. We discuss these results in light of the extraordinarily efficient photosynthetic processes described in Chromera.

Centre Algatech Institute of Microbiology Czech Academy of Sciences Třeboň Czech Republic

Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia České Budějovice Czech Republic

Institute of Parasitology Biological Centre Czech Academy of Sciences České Budějovice Czech Republic

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Complex Endosymbioses I: From Primary to Complex Plastids, Serial Endosymbiotic Events

Reconstruction of Plastid Proteomes of Apicomplexans and Close Relatives Reveals the Major Evolutionary Outcomes of Cryptic Plastids

Organellar Evolution: A Path from Benefit to Dependence

Fatty Acid Biosynthesis in Chromerids

Isolation of plastids and mitochondria from Chromera velia

Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Roles of Detoxification Systems in Response to Mercury in Chromera velia

Characterization of Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases in Chromerids

Endosymbiotic Evolution of Algae, Secondary Heterotrophy and Parasitism

Subcellular Compartments Interplay for Carbon and Nitrogen Allocation in Chromera velia and Vitrella brassicaformis

Plastid Genomes and Proteins Illuminate the Evolution of Eustigmatophyte Algae and Their Bacterial Endosymbionts

Antenna proton sensitivity determines photosynthetic light harvesting strategy