Cytokinins (CKs) are evolutionally old and highly conserved low-mass molecules that have been identified in almost all known organisms. In plants, they evolved into an important group of plant hormones controlling many physiological and developmental processes throughout the whole lifespan of the plant. CKs and their functions are, however, not unique to plants. In this review, the strategies and mechanisms of plants - and phylogenetically distinct plant-interacting organisms such as bacteria, fungi, nematodes and insects employing CKs or regulation of CK status in plants - are described and put into their evolutionary context. The major breakthroughs made in the last decade in the fields of CK biosynthesis, degradation and signalling are also summarised.

Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research Faculty of Science Palacký University Šlechtitelů 11 CZ 78371 Olomouc Czech Republic Email

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Biochemical and Structural Aspects of Cytokinin Biosynthesis and Degradation in Bacteria

Soil nutrient status of KwaZulu-Natal savanna and grassland biomes causes variation in cytokinin functional groups and their levels in above-ground and underground parts of three legumes

Dynamics of Auxin and Cytokinin Metabolism during Early Root and Hypocotyl Growth in Theobroma cacao

Evolutionary diversification of cytokinin-specific glucosyltransferases in angiosperms and enigma of missing cis-zeatin O-glucosyltransferase gene in Brassicaceae

Differential Subcellular Distribution of Cytokinins: How Does Membrane Transport Fit into the Big Picture?

Targeting Cytokinin Homeostasis in Rapid Cycling Brassica rapa with Plant Growth Regulators INCYDE and TD-K

Reaction Wood Anatomical Traits and Hormonal Profiles in Poplar Bent Stem and Root

Cytokinin and Ethylene Cell Signaling Pathways from Prokaryotes to Eukaryotes

Applications of Cytokinins in Horticultural Fruit Crops: Trends and Future Prospects

trans-Zeatin-N-glucosides have biological activity in Arabidopsis thaliana

A Stimulatory Role for Cytokinin in the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis of Pea

Plastidial Phosphoglucose Isomerase Is an Important Determinant of Seed Yield through Its Involvement in Gibberellin-Mediated Reproductive Development and Storage Reserve Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis

Haustorium initiation in the obligate parasitic plant Phelipanche ramosa involves a host-exudated cytokinin signal

Enhanced Secondary- and Hormone Metabolism in Leaves of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Medicago truncatula

Cytokinin Metabolism of Pathogenic Fungus Leptosphaeria maculans Involves Isopentenyltransferase, Adenosine Kinase and Cytokinin Oxidase/Dehydrogenase

Infection by Rhodococcus fascians maintains cotyledons as a sink tissue for the pathogen

Analysis of plant growth-promoting properties of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens UCMB5113 using Arabidopsis thaliana as host plant

Control of cytokinin and auxin homeostasis in cyanobacteria and algae

Cytokinins and Expression of SWEET, SUT, CWINV and AAP Genes Increase as Pea Seeds Germinate

Cytokinin-Specific Glycosyltransferases Possess Different Roles in Cytokinin Homeostasis Maintenance