Human data concerning exposure to nanoparticles are very limited, and biomarkers for monitoring exposure are urgently needed. In a follow-up of a 2016 study in a nanocomposites plant, in which only exhaled breath condensate (EBC) was examined, eight markers of oxidative stress were analyzed in three bodily fluids, i.e., EBC, plasma and urine, in both pre-shift and post-shift samples in 2017 and 2018. Aerosol exposures were monitored. Mass concentration in 2017 was 0.351 mg/m3 during machining, and 0.179 and 0.217 mg/m3 during machining and welding, respectively, in 2018. In number concentrations, nanoparticles formed 96%, 90% and 59%, respectively. In both years, pre-shift elevations of 50.0% in EBC, 37.5% in plasma and 6.25% in urine biomarkers were observed. Post-shift elevation reached 62.5% in EBC, 68.8% in plasma and 18.8% in urine samples. The same trend was observed in all biological fluids. Individual factors were responsible for the elevation of control subjects' afternoon vs. morning markers in 2018; all were significantly lower compared to those of workers. Malondialdehyde levels were always acutely shifted, and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine levels best showed chronic exposure effect. EBC and plasma analysis appear to be the ideal fluids for bio-monitoring of oxidative stress arising from engineered nanomaterials. Potential late effects need to be targeted and prevented, as there is a similarity of EBC findings in patients with silicosis and asbestosis.

Department of Genetic Toxicology and Epigenetics Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS Videnska 1083 142 20 Prague 4 Czech Republic

Department of Machining and Assembly Department of Engineering Technology Department of Material Science Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technical University in Liberec Studentska 1402 2 461 17 Liberec Czech Republic

Department of Occupational Medicine 1st Faculty of Medicine Charles University Prague and General University Hospital Prague Na Bojisti 1 128 00 Prague 2 Czech Republic

Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Charles University and General University Hospital Prague José Martího 31 162 52 Prague 6 Czech Republic

Institute of Biophysics and Informatics 1st Faculty of Medicine Charles University and General University Hospital Prague Salmovska 1 120 00 Prague 2 Czech Republic

Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals CAS Rozvojova 1 135 165 02 Prague 6 Czech Republic

J Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry CAS Dolejškova 3 182 23 Prague 8 Czech Republic

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