BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that personality traits (i.e., openness to experience, conscientiousness, and agreeableness) relate to prejudicial attitudes. However, one of the aspects of prejudice is social distance; its association with personality traits was overlooked by previous studies. Therefore, this study examines the connection between the Big Five personality traits and social distance toward certain social groups. PARTICIPANTS AND PROCEDURE: Participants from the general population were recruited through leaflets, the institutional webpage, Facebook, and through the project recruitment website and assessed via paper-and-pencil or online form. A total of 214 participants were included (of whom 68.2% were women and the mean age was 32.65, SD = 11.27, range 18-72) who completed the Bogardus Social Distance Scale and the 44-item Big Five Inventory questionnaire. RESULTS: The results showed a relationship between social distance, agreeableness, and openness to experience. Agreeableness seems to lower the social distance toward all studied groups. In comparison, openness to experience seems to lower the social distance towards groups that evoke more polarized attitudes in the majority (e.g., migrants). Furthermore, the influence of demographic characteristics (i.e., age, education level, and gender) is also significant. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that personality is significantly related to social distancing and expression of prejudicial attitudes. In particular, agreeableness and openness to experience have different effects on social distance and attitudes towards different groups. Further implications are discussed.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Background: Although trauma exposure is universally prevalent, the ways in which individuals respond to potentially traumatic events vary. Between-country differences have been identified as affecting the development and manifestation of transdiagnostic psychological symptoms, but it remains unclear how stress and trauma-related transdiagnostic symptoms and risk patterns differ based on geographic region.Objective: To explore whether there are distinct classes of stress and trauma-related transdiagnostic symptoms and to determine predictors of class membership in a global sample.Method: Participants (N = 8675) from 115 different countries were recruited online between 2020-2022 and completed the Global Psychotrauma Screen, which assesses stress and trauma exposure, related symptoms, and risk factors. A latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify classes of stress and trauma-related symptoms per world region (African States, Asia-Pacific States, Eastern European States, Latin American and Caribbean States, Western European and Other States, and North America) and the total sample. Likelihood of class membership was assessed based on demographics, characteristics of the potentially traumatic event, and potential risk factors across the world regions.Results: Similar class compositions were observed across regions. A joint latent class analysis identified three classes that differed by symptom severity (i.e. high, moderate, low). Multinomial logistic regression analyses revealed several factors that conferred greater risk for experiencing higher levels of symptoms, including geographic region, gender, and lack of social support, among others.Conclusions: Stress and trauma-related symptoms seem to be similarly transdiagnostic across the world, supporting the value of a transdiagnostic assessment.
- MeSH
- analýza latentních tříd MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- posttraumatická stresová porucha * diagnóza epidemiologie psychologie MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- sociální opora MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Asie MeSH
INTRODUCTION: The Communist Party's reign in Czechoslovakia (1948-1989) saw the persecution of thousands of individuals. The State Security campaign "Asanace" (meaning "sanitation") was conducted to expel critics of the regime from the country using psychological and physical terror. Although stories of dissidents are frequently presented in public spaces, little is known about the experiences of their children. METHODS: To address this gap, we conducted interpretative phenomenological analyses of semi-structured in-depth interviews with five adult descendants of Czechoslovakian dissidents. RESULTS: Our analyses revealed that while participants appreciated and were inspired by their parents' dissident activities, they tend to distance themselves from it in order not to live in their parents' shadow. Furthermore, for them, the "Asanace" campaign primarily meant emigration, which in turn affected their sense of self and (national) identity dispersion. Consequently, they experienced feelings of being uprooted and different. Furthermore, they faced challenges acculturating. However, they also recognized their resilience as being rooted in their migration experience and the legacy of their parents' dissidence. DISCUSSION: By highlighting intergenerational differences and the impact of family legacy on individuals' strengths and weaknesses, this study contributes to our understanding of the psychological consequences of living in, escaping from and adjusting to life beyond oppressive regimes.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Otherness is a complex and polysemic notion that is conceptualized in both philosophy and psychology. The paper examines otherness as a universal phenomenon of the human psyche that manifests in relation to oneself and interpersonal relationships with others. Philosophical ideas, including those of Hegel, Lévinas and Waldenfels, are introduced as providing essential theoretical background for psychological studies of otherness. The psychological section deals with otherness from various perspectives, with emphasis on internal processes of an individual, drawing on theories within psychoanalytical and intrapsychic traditions, as well as the intersection of otherness and identity. Otherness is introduced as a variable influencing complex individual and social processes, such as the perception of individuals and groups. Finally, a taxonomy of otherness is proposed that reflects the multifaceted nature of the concept and could help navigate the existing literature as well as guide new studies.
- MeSH
- filozofie MeSH
- interpersonální vztahy * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- psychologická teorie MeSH
- sociální percepce * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Článek se zaměřuje se na československý disent v souvislosti s aktivitami 25 psychologů, kteří podepsali Chartu 77 do roku 1989. Smyslem tohoto textu je shrnout základní informace o těchto jedincích, o jejich životě, díle a postojích. Text vychází z archivních materiálů a osobních svědectví. Popsán je tlak na adaptaci podle požadavků státní moci i snaha o vypuzení nepohodlných signatářů ze země. Stať se zaměřuje na aktivity psychologů-signatářů během normalizace v 70. a 80. letech 20. století i po roce 1989. Signatáři jsou interpretováni jako aktivní, občansky angažovaní, nezdolní a humanisticky orientovaní.
The article focuses on Czechoslovak dissent in the context of the activities of 25 psychologists who signed Charter 77 until 1989. The purpose of this text is to summarize basic information about these individuals, their life, work and attitudes. The authors draw on archival materials and personal testimonies. The pressure to adapt to the demands of state power and the efforts to expel inconvenient signatories from the country are described. The contribution focuses on the activities of psychologists-signatories during the normalization in the 1970s and 1980s and after 1989. The signatories are interpreted as active, civically engaged, resilient and humanistically oriented.
Cíl: Přechod od kategoriálních modelů poruch osobnosti k dimenzionálnímu pojetí funkčních schopností osobnosti, jak jsou konceptualizovány v DSM-5 i MKN-11, představuje pro klinickou oblast výzvu k implementaci nových diagnostických metod pro poruchy osobnosti. Zároveň se ukazuje, že koncept osobnostního fungování má širší uplatnění kvůli svým schopnostem popisovat obecně závažnost psychopatologie. České verze dvou instrumentů zaměřených na funkčních schopnosti osobnosti již prošly ověřením psychometrických vlastností, nicméně pro jejich další využívání je potřebné, aby byly podrobeny dalším výzkumům. V této studii se proto zaměřujeme na jejich schopnost diskriminovat mezi těmi bez psychiatrické diagnózy a dvěma skupinami lidí s psychiatrickou diagnózou. Materiál a metoda: Studie byla realizována na 163 respondentech, kteří pocházeli ze tří skupin: 1) pacienti s poruchami osobnosti (n = 58), 2) pacienti se zvýšeným skóre neuroticismu (n = 50), 3) běžná populace (n = 55). Funkční schopnosti osobnosti byly hodnoceny za pomocí sebeposuzovacícho dotazníku Level of Personality Functioning Scale-Brief Form 2.0 (LPFS-BF 2.0) a klinicky hodnoceným polostrukturovaným rozhovorem Semi-structured Interview for Personality Functioning DSM-5 (STiP 5.1). Výsledky: Tři sledované skupiny se lišily v osobnostním fungování. Obecně se dá říct, že lidé s poruchou osobnosti dosahovali nejvyššího narušení osobnostního fungování, zatímco nejnižší úroveň narušení osobnostního fungování měla běžná populace, mezi nimi pak byla skupina se zvýšeným neuroticismem. Zatímco rozhovor STiP-5.1 byl schopen rozlišovat i v rámci skupin pacientů, dotazník LPFS-BF 2.0 měl tuto schopnost nižší. Z demografických proměnných se ukázala jako významná korelace s věkem naznačující trend ke zralejšímu osobnostnímu fungování s vyšším věkem, dále se ukázalo, že vyšší vzdělání bylo asociováno s nižším narušením osobnostního fungování. Závěr: Polostrukturovaný rozhovor STiP-5.1 i screeningový dotazník LPFS-BF 2.0 ukázaly adekvátní schopnost diskriminovat tři zkoumané populace. Obě metody jsou uživatelsky příznivé a vzhledem k dobrým psychometrickým vlastnostem jejich českých verzí je možné obě doporučit pro výzkumné užití a s obezřetností také pro klinickou praxi. Rozšiřuje se tak repertoár moderních metod (nejen) k diagnostice poruch osobnosti v ČR.
Objective: The transition from categorical models of personality disorders to a dimensional approach of personality functioning, as conceptualized by the DSM-5 and ICD-11, represents a challenge for the clinical area to implement new diagnostic methods for personality disorders. While it also seems that the personality functioning concept has a broader application because of its ability to capture the overall severity of psychopathology. The psychometric properties of Czech versions of two instruments assessing personality functioning have been verified already. However, for their future use, they must be subjected to further research. Therefore, in this study, we focus on their ability to discriminate between those without a psychiatric diagnosis and two groups of people with a psychiatric diagnosis. Method: The study was conducted on 163 respondents from three groups: 1) patients with personality disorders (n = 58), 2) patients with increased neuroticism score (n = 50), 3) general population (n = 55). Personality functioning was assessed by self-report questionnaire Level of Personality Functioning Scale-Brief Form 2.0 (LPFS-BF 2.0) and clinician-rated Semi-structured Interview for Personality Functioning DSM-5 (STiP 5.1). Results: The three groups differed in their level of personality functioning. Generally, people with personality disorders had the highest level of personality functioning impairment, the general population had the lowest level of impairment, the group with increased neuroticism score was in the middle. While the STiP-5.1 was able to differentiate within the patients ́ groups, the ability of LPFS-BF 2.0 was limited. From the demographic variables, age correlated with personality functioning, suggesting a trend toward more mature personality functioning in older age. Also, higher education levels were associated with lower personality functioning impairment. Conclusion: The semi-structured interview STiP-5.1 and the screening questionnaire LPFS-BF 2.0 showed adequate ability to discriminate between the three study groups. Both methods are user-friendly, and given the psychometric properties of their Czech versions, they can be recommended for research proposes and with caution to use in clinical practice. Thus, the repertoire of modern methods available in the Czech Republic for assessing (not only) personality disorders is expanding.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- neuroticismus MeSH
- osobnost * MeSH
- poruchy osobnosti * diagnóza MeSH
- sebeposuzující dotazníky PHQ MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The relationship between negative attitudes and psychopathology is not yet clear. The current shift to a dimensional approach to mental disorders, as reflected in both the DSM-5 and ICD-11 models of personality disorders, seems to enrich the traditional approach to study attitudes. This study investigates whether and how impairments in personality functioning are linked to attitudes toward minorities. A comparison of levels of impairment in global and Self and interpersonal personality functioning, negative attitudes, social distance, and racism was conducted in the sample of 127 adults from the general population group (n = 69) and a group of people with diagnosed personality disorders (n = 58). Differences between both groups were found. The personality disorders group showed higher impairment in personality functioning, scored higher on negative attitude measures, and was more prone to the blatant expression of attitudes than the general population. The association between attitudes and personality functioning did not fully reflect these trends. However, given the nature of differences, it is suspected that the proclivity to the blatant expression of negative attitudes could go beyond negative attitudes toward minorities themselves and reflect disorder-related characteristics, that is, more problematic and conflicted relationships with others in general.
- MeSH
- Diagnostický a statistický manuál mentálních poruch MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- etnické a rasové minority * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- osobnost * MeSH
- poruchy osobnosti diagnóza MeSH
- postoj MeSH
- psychopatologie MeSH
- rasismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
BACKGROUND: The Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders and the latest eleventh version of the International Classification of Diseases implement the level of impairment in self and interpersonal personality functioning (Level of Personality Functioning Scale - LPFS) as a core feature of personality pathology. However, some studies have indicated that personality functioning is also impaired in other mental disorders, but a more thorough exploration is missing. Thus, this study aims to develop profiles of levels of personality functioning in people with personality disorders and some other psychiatric diagnoses as well as without diagnosis. METHODS: One-hundred-forty-nine people participated in the study. They came from three groups - healthy controls (n = 53), people with personality disorders (n = 58), and people with mood and anxiety disorders (n = 38). The LPFS was assessed by the Semi-structured Interview for Personality Functioning DSM-5 (STiP-5.1). An optimal clustering solution using agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis was generated to represent profiles of personality functioning. RESULTS: The two patient groups showed significantly higher levels of personality functioning impairment than healthy controls. People with personality disorders showed higher levels of impairment than the other groups. In addition, the clustering analysis revealed three distinct profiles of personality functioning. CONCLUSIONS: The impairment of personality functioning seems to be useful in the clinical assessment of other than personality disorders as well. As the resulting clustering profiles suggest, LPFS can be seen as an overall indicator of the severity of mental health difficulties and the presence of mental disorders symptoms. The LPFS provides valuable and detailed information about the individual's mental health and can thus serve as a broad basis for case formulation, treatment and therapy planning, and prognosis.
- MeSH
- Diagnostický a statistický manuál mentálních poruch MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- osobnost * MeSH
- poruchy osobnosti * diagnóza MeSH
- psychometrie MeSH
- reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
- shluková analýza MeSH
- úzkost MeSH
- úzkostné poruchy diagnóza MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Článek se zabývá propojením informací o skupině dětí, které přišly v útlém věku o rodiče během 2. světové války, byly umístěny do koncentračního tábora Terezín a po osvobození Československa poslány do Anglie, kde jim byla poskytnuta všestranná podpora. Článek se zaměřuje na dva zdroje psychoanalyticky orientovaných autorek – studii Anny Freudové a Sophie Dannové s názvem Experiment se skupinovou výchovou (Freud a Dann, 1951), která je ukázkou ročního sledování vývoje deprivovaných dětí, a studii Sarah Moskovitzové (1983, 1985) dokumentující další vývoj terezínských dětí v dospělosti. Z psychologického hlediska sledování ukazují na možnost dobré adaptace i po těžké deprivaci v dětství. Z historického hlediska jde o dokumentaci osudů židovských dětí spojených pobytem v Terezíně a angažmá řady zainteresovaných pomocníků včetně Anny Freudové.
The article deals with connecting information about a group of children who lost their parents at an early age during World War II, were placed in the Terezín concentration camp and after the liberation of Czechoslovakia were sent to England, where they were provided with comprehensive support. The article focuses on two sources of psychoanalytically oriented authors - a study by Anna Freud and Sophie Dann entitled An experiment with group upbringing (Freud and Dann, 1951), which is an example of annual monitoring of the development of deprived children and a study by Sarah Moskovitz (1983, 1985) documenting further development of Terezín children in adulthood. From a psychological point of view, observations indicate the possibility of good adaptation even after severe deprivation in childhood. From a historical point of view, this is a documentation of the fate of Jewish children connected with their stay in Terezín, and the engagement of a number of interested helpers, including Anna Freud.
Cíl: Závislost na kouření cigaret patří mezi nejčastější druh drogové závislosti v České republice. Z mnoha různých faktorů, které přispívají k tomu, že někdo začne kouřit, a také k vytváření a udržování závislosti na kouření, byly mimo jiné jako významné identifikovány osobnostní faktory, a především pak multidimenzionální konstrukt impulzivity. Nepanuje však shoda v tom, jaké dimenze impulzivity jsou v rozvoji závislosti na kouření stěžejní. Předpokládá se vliv dimenzí impulzivity, které jsou spojené s emocionálním rozrušením. Zdá se také, že u mužů a žen hrají roli odlišné dimenze impulzivity. Cílem studie bylo zjistit, zda se v impulzivitě mezi sebou liší jednak muži a ženy kuřáci, jednak skupiny s odlišnou mírou závislosti v jednotlivých sledovaných dimenzích impulzivity. Materiál a metoda: Tato studie byla provedena na skupině 60 osob identifikujících se jako kuřáci. Ta byla dále rozdělena do tří skupin na základě stupně závislosti určeného za pomocí Fagerstromova testu závislosti na nikotinu (bez závislosti, střední závislost, silná závislost). Impulzivita byla hodnocena pomocí Cloningerova dotazníku temperamentu a charakteru a škály UPPS-P. Výsledky: Studie nalezla statisticky významné rozdíly v některých dimenzích impulzivity kuřáků na základě pohlaví. Bylo zjištěno, že s věkem dochází ke snižování impulzivity u většiny ze sledovaných dimenzí. Mezi zkoumanými skupinami byly nalezeny rozdíly v dimenzi vyhýbání se poškození (?2(2) = 9,06, p = 0,01), v níž skupina bez fyzické závislosti dosahuje signifikantně nižších výsledků než skupina se střední závislostí i skupina se silnou závislostí. Byla nalezena souvislost závislosti na nikotinu s dimenzemi impulzivity spojenými s emocionálním rozrušením (pozitivním i negativním), především u žen. Závěr: Tyto výsledky naznačují, že při rozvoji a udržování závislosti na nikotinu mají vliv jiné dimenze impulzivity u mužů a u žen. A také, že při rozvoji i udržování závislosti na nikotinu hrají významnou roli anxiolytické a relaxační účinky nikotinu, které pomáhají se zvládáním emočního rozrušení.
Objective: Cigarette smoking addiction belongs among one of the most common types of drug addictions in the Czech Republic. Among the many factors contributing to someone starting to smoke, as well as, to the development and maintenance of nicotine addiction, personality factors and especially the multidimensional construct of impulsivity has been identified as significant. However, there is no consensus on which impulsivity dimensions are crucial for the development of smoking dependence. The influence of the tendency to act rashly while in extreme positive or negative mood is assumed. Also, it seems that there is a difference in impulsivity dimensions in men and women. The first aim of this study was to determine whether male and female smokers differ from each other in impul-sivity dimensions. The second aim was to examine the differences between three groups of smokers with different intensity of addiction to nicotine. Method: This study analyzed a group of 60 smokers with varying degrees of nicotine dependence. The overall sample was divided into three groups (no addiction, moderate addiction, severe addiction) based on the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence. The concept of impulsivity was assessed by Cloninger´s Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and the UPPS-P scale. Results: The results showed statistically significant differences in the scores of some impulsivity dimensions related to gender. Likewise, the results showed that impulsivity decreases with age in most of the monitored dimensions. Differences were particularly found for damage avoidance (?2(2) = 9,06, p = 0,01), were the group of participants without physical dependence achieved significantly lower scores in comparison to the groups of participants with moderate and severe dependence. The connection between the nicotine dependency and impulsivity dimensions associated with emotional distress was found (mainly in women). Conclusion: These results suggest that different impulsivity dimensions influence the development, as well as, the maintenance of nicotine addiction in men and women. And also, a relation between nicotine dependence and impulsivity associated with emotional distress suggests that the anxiolytic and relaxing effects of nicotine play an important role in the development and maintenance of nicotine dependence, because they help to manage these emotions.
- MeSH
- charakter MeSH
- dospělí psychologie MeSH
- emoce MeSH
- genderová identita MeSH
- impulzivní chování MeSH
- kouření tabáku psychologie MeSH
- kuřáci psychologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku psychologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý psychologie MeSH
- osobnostní dotazník MeSH
- poruchy vyvolané užíváním tabáku * psychologie MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- senioři psychologie MeSH
- škály posuzující chování MeSH
- temperament MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí psychologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku psychologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý psychologie MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři psychologie MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
