BACKGROUND: Niche partitioning allows species to diversify resource utilisation and space allocation and reduce interspecific competition. Variations in abiotic and biotic conditions in different ecosystems may further influence resource availability and habitat utilisation, potentially reducing competition. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of environmental variation on spatial and trophic niche overlap between two freshwater apex predators, the northern pike (Esox lucius) and the European catfish (Silurus glanis), in three different water bodies. METHODS: We used fine-scale acoustic telemetry to assess the spatial niche overlap of pike and catfish, analyzing their spatial and habitat use in relation to the thermocline and their presence in benthic versus open-water habitats. Stable isotope analysis (SIA) was used to quantify trophic niche overlap and dietary differences between the species. We compared the habitat use, spatial niche width and overlap, and trophic differentiation among waterbodies to determine how environmental conditions influence predator interactions. RESULTS: During summer, pike and catfish primarily occupied benthic habitats above the thermocline across all waterbodies and diel periods. However, catfish more frequently used open water above the thermocline, while pike were more often present in both open water and benthic habitats below it. While this general pattern of habitat use was consistent, its extent varied among lakes, suggesting that local environmental conditions shape species-specific habitat selection. Despite these variations, the species exhibited substantial spatial overlap, though its magnitude fluctuated across waterbodies and diel periods. Catfish occupied a broader spatial niche in two waterbodies, while pike had a broader niche in one. Across all lakes, catfish consistently maintained a broader trophic niche than pike. However, pike exhibited higher trophic overlap with catfish than vice versa, with nearly complete overlap in one lake and substantial but incomplete overlap in others. This suggests that pike relies more heavily on shared prey resources, while catfish exploits a broader range of food sources beyond those used by pike.These patterns were primarily driven by the position of the thermocline, prey availability, structural complexity and the greater foraging plasticity of catfish, highlighting the environmental dependence of niche partitioning in these predators. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that spatial and trophic niche overlaps between pike and catfish are highly context-dependent, shaped by abiotic conditions, prey availability, and species-specific foraging strategies. This study highlights the importance of integrating spatial and trophic analyses to understand predator interactions in aquatic ecosystems.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
BACKGROUND: Prejudices against individuals with schizophrenia can interfere with diagnostic and treatment processes, particularly with the patient's further adaptation and reintegration. Self-stigma could have significant detrimental consequences for patients suffering from psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia. METHOD: This paper reviews findings about self-stigma connected to schizophrenia. The PubMed database used the keywords to find the papers published from January 1997 to March 2023, and 189 articles were included in the review process. RESULTS: The schizophrenia-related stigma decreases patients' self-confidence, worsens their social functioning, and impedes daily functioning. Feelings of embarrassment are prominent in many patients with schizophrenia. Self-stigma predicts many unfavourable outcomes - more severe social anxiety and depressive symptoms, lower self-confidence, hopelessness, worse social functioning, lower quality of life, worse treatment cooperation, and lower adherence to medication adherence. Addressing self-stigma in psychoeducation or psychotherapy may increase the patient's stigma resistance and well-being. Self-help groups present an underutilised but potentially effective strategy. CONCLUSION: Stigma presents a common issue in patients with schizophrenia. Targeting the issue in clinical management or psychotherapy may be beneficial. Still, more high-quality intervention studies are needed.
- MeSH
- kvalita života MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- psychoterapie MeSH
- psychotické poruchy * MeSH
- schizofrenie * terapie MeSH
- sebepojetí MeSH
- společenské stigma MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
BACKGROUND: Individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD) suffer from an excessive fear of abandonment, leading to tense moments in their intimate relationships. These struggles translate into lower marital satisfaction perceived by both intimate partners. However, this connection is bidirectional, since conflicts with a romantic partner are the most common precipitating factors of decompensation in BPD patients. METHOD: This narrative review was performed using PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases with keywords "borderline personality disorder", "partnership", marital problems", and "marital conflicts". Articles, books, and book chapters published within January 1980 - December 2020 were extracted and analysed. Additional sources were found while reviewing references of relevant articles. The total of 131 papers met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS: Patients with BPD struggle with reaching marital satisfaction. They often find themselves in disharmonic and unfulfilling relationships. The association between the relationship issues and BPD may partly come from misunderstanding one or both partners' behaviour. Individuals with BPD tend to misinterpret their partner's behaviour, struggle with communication, and sometimes be verbally and physically aggressive. They often do not recognize that their intrapersonal processes influence their interpersonal struggles. Understanding the role of the maladaptive personality traits in the relationship and their management could be beneficial for both partners. CONCLUSION: Individuals with BPD often report dysfunctional romantic relationships characterized by insecure attachment, maladaptive communication, and lower relationship satisfaction. Future studies should focus on finding effective strategies of couples ́ therapy working with this population.
- MeSH
- hraniční porucha osobnosti * MeSH
- interpersonální vztahy MeSH
- konflikt v rodině MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- manželství MeSH
- sexuální chování MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Ligula intestinalis (Linnaeus, 1758) is a tapeworm parasite with a worldwide distribution that uses a wide variety of fish species as its second intermediate host. In the present study, we investigated the prevalence and population genetic structure of plerocercoids of L. intestinalis in five common cyprinoid species, roach Rutilus rutilus (Linnaeus), freshwater bream Abramis brama (Linnaeus), white bream Blicca bjoerkna (Linnaeus), bleak Alburnus alburnus (Linnaeus), and rudd Scardinius erythrophthalmus (Linnaeus), collected in six water bodies of the Czech Republic (Milada, Most, Medard, Jordán, Římov and Lipno). Of the six study sites, the highest frequency of parasitism was recorded in Lake Medard (15%). The overall prevalence rate among the species was as follows: roach > rudd ≥ freshwater bream > bleak > white bream. Two mitochondrial genes (cytb and COI) were used to compare the population genetic structure of parasite populations using selected samples from the five fish species. The results of the phylogenetic analysis indicated that all populations of L. intestinalis were placed in Clade A, previously identified as the most common in Europe. At a finer scale, haplotype network and PCoA analyses indicated the possible emergence of host specificity of several mtDNA haplotypes to the freshwater bream. Moreover, pairwise Fixation indices (FST) revealed a significant genetic structure between the parasite population in freshwater bream and other host species. Parasite populations in roach not only showed the highest rate of prevalence but also depicted a maximum number of shared haplotypes with populations from bleak and rudd. Our results suggest that recent ecological differentiation might have influenced tapeworm populations at a fine evolutionary scale. Thus, the differences in prevalence between fish host species in different lakes might be influenced not only by the parasite's ecology, but also by its genetic diversity.
- MeSH
- Cestoda * genetika MeSH
- cestodózy * epidemiologie parazitologie veterinární MeSH
- Cyprinidae * parazitologie MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- genetické struktury MeSH
- interakce hostitele a parazita MeSH
- jezera MeSH
- mitochondriální DNA MeSH
- nemoci ryb * epidemiologie parazitologie MeSH
- paraziti * MeSH
- populační genetika MeSH
- prevalence MeSH
- voda MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Úvod: Až 25 % pacientů se schizofrenií zaznamená v průběhu života některý z obsedantně kompulzivních symptomů (OCs). Přibližně 12 % pacientů naplňuje diagnostická kritéria pro obsedantně-kompulzivní poruchu (OCD). Společný výskyt schizofrenie a příznaků OCD je tedy častý. V poslední době se zájem o tuto problematiku výrazně zvýšil. Důvodem je mimo jiné zjištění, že léčba antipsychotiky druhé generace, zejména klozapinem, může vést ke vzniku nebo zhoršení OCs. Cílem naší práce bylo předložit přehled výzkumných zjištění o vztahu mezi komorbidní obsedantně kompulzivní poruchou a závažností a léčebnými výsledky schizofrenního onemocnění. Metoda: Publikace byly identifikovány v databázích Medline a Web of Science pomocí zadání klíčových slov "schizophrenia" a "obsessive-compulsive disorder". Další relevantní zdroje informací byly získány z citovaných prací u významných článků. Výsledky: OCs nebo plně rozvinutá OCD u pacientů se schizofrenií jsou spojeny s celkově závažnější psychopatologií a horšími výsledky léčby. Pacienti s touto komorbiditou vykazují výraznější neurokognitivní deficit, vyšší míru úzkosti a depresivity a zvýšené riziko suicidia. Významně oslabenější je i jejich schopnost zapojení do společenského života a profesní uplatnění. Důsledkem jsou horší subjektivní vnímání příznaků poruchy, neuspokojivější výsledky léčby a zvýšené náklady na zdravotní péči. Závěr: V klinické praxi je potřeba sledovat, zda se u pacientů se schizofrenií rozvíjí komorbidní OCs. Vznik OCs je možný kdykoliv v průběhu schizofrenního onemocnění. Včasné rozpoznání a léčba této komorbidity snižují utrpení pacienta, pozitivně ovlivňují průběh a celkový výsledek léčby.
Introduction: Up to 25 % of patients with schizophrenia suffer from obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCs), and about 12% fulfil the diagnostic criteria of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Recently, the interest in this issue has significantly increased, probably due to the finding that second-generation antipsychotics, especially clozapine, might induce or aggravate OCs. Our study aimed to describe the research findings concerning the connection between comorbid OCs and the severity and course of schizophrenia. Method: The articles were identified by the keywords "schizophrenia comorbidity" and "obsessive compulsive disorder", using the Medline and Web of Science databases. Additional information was obtained by searching the references of relevant articles. Results: Obsessive-compulsive symptoms or fully expressed obsessive-compulsive disorder leads to more severe overall psychopathology and worse treatment outcomes in patients without this symptomatology. The comorbidity is accompanied by more severe increased neurocognitive impairment, high levels of anxiety, depression, and suicidality, larger social and vocational disability, and greater social and health service utilization. Conclusion: schizophrenia patients should be carefully monitored for OCs in clinical practice. The development of these symptoms may occur during disease, and early recognition and targeted treatment of this comorbidity reduce the patient ́s distress and positively affect the course of the disorder and overall treatment outcomes.
OBJECTIVE: Needs of psychiatric patients may be to a various degree frustrated. A sole focus on treatment effectiveness can lead to the omission of other patient's needs. Patients with borderline personality disorder present high demands on health and social services that often remain unmet. The review aims to identify common unmet needs of patients with BPD, map the areas in which they appear, and identify ways to manage them. METHOD: The PubMed database was used by applying the following key terms: "borderline personality disorder" and "needs" supplemented by a combination of "borderline personality disorder" and "unmet needs"; "treatment"; "therapy"; "management", "quality of life", "pharmacotherapy", "psychotherapy". the Papers were selected from a period between Jan 1, 1990, and Nov 30 2020. Primary keyword search yielded a total of 502 articles, of which 225 articles met the inclusion criteria and were subjected to a complete inspection. Secondary contributions from reference lists of the primary sources were examined, evaluated for suitability, and added to the primary document list (n = 182). After an evaluation of the relevance, a total of 197 papers were included in the review process. RESULTS: Recognizing patients' unmet needs with borderline personality disorder emphasises the importance of a comprehensive patient assessment. The diagnosis of comorbidities is also essential, especially with bipolar disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder, as comorbid conditions may require different therapeutic approaches. Traditional treatments of BPD tend to be demanding both in time and funding. However, alternatives are being developed to overcome these shortcomings by introducing methods focused on specific goals. Furthermore, supporting the patient's responsibility in the treatment choice can lead to better improvements. CONCLUSIONS: There is a need for further studies that will focus on the needs of this patient group and the possibilities of their treatment in psychotherapy, using psychotropic drugs, or social interventions. The development of step-by-step treatment models, adjunctive treatments, and technology-based interventions can bring greater access to care and reduce costs, especially for newly diagnosed patients or patients waiting for comprehensive treatment.
- MeSH
- bipolární porucha * MeSH
- emoce MeSH
- hraniční porucha osobnosti * terapie MeSH
- komorbidita MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- psychoterapie metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Background: Psychotic symptoms in BPD are not uncommon, and they are diverse and phenomenologically similar to those in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Despite their prevalence in BPD patients, knowledge about the characteristics and severity of hallucinations is limited, especially in modalities other than auditory. Aim: This review summarises the causes, phenomenology, severity, and treatment options of hallucinations and other psychotic symptoms in BPD. Methods: The PubMed database was used with the following key terms: "borderline personality disorder" and 'hallucinations' and "psychotic symptoms". Articles were selected between January 1990 and May 2021. The primary keyword search yielded a total of 545 papers, of which 102 articles met the inclusion criteria and were fully screened. Papers from the primary source reference lists were also screened, assessed for eligibility, and then added to the primary documents where appropriate (n = 143). After the relevance assessment, 102 papers were included in the review. We included adult and adolescent studies to gather more recent reviews on this topic. Results: Hallucinations are significantly prevalent in BPD, mainly auditory, similar to schizophrenia spectrum disorders. The relationship between hallucinations and depression, anxiety, suicidality, schizotypy, and loneliness in BPD has been discovered but requires more research. Studies for treatment options for hallucinations in BPD are lacking. Conclusion: Recognition of psychotic symptoms in patients with BPD as distinguished psychopathological phenomena instead of diminishing and overlooking them is essential in the clinical assessment and can be useful in predicting complications during treatment. More focused research in this area is needed.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe mood disorder characterized by episodes of depression and hypomania or mania. Despite its primarily biological roots, the onset and course of the disorder have also been related to psychosocial factors such as early adverse experiences and related maladaptive schemas. Several researchers proposed a schema therapeutic model to treat patients with BD. In this paper, we further develop the theoretical model and elaborate on seven elements that were found effective in the psychosocial interventions with individuals with BD: monitoring mood and early symptoms of relapse, recognizing and management of stressful situations and interpersonal conflicts, creating a relapse prevention plan, stabilizing the sleep/wake cycle and daily routine, encouraging the use of medication, and reducing self-stigma and substance use. Apart from that, we describe the elements of the schema work with patients who suffer from BD. Illustrative clinical cases accompany the theoretical framework. The research of the schema therapy with patients with severe mental illnesses has only recently started developing. The presented paper also aims to encourage further research in this area and highlight potentially beneficial research goals.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Mobbing je opakující se neadekvátní chování skupiny proti jednotlivci. Toto chování může nabývat forem verbální agrese, jako jsou urážky, hrozby, jednostranné pomluvy, obtěžování nebo vylučování ze společnosti, a někdy také fyzické agrese. Pro mobbing je charakteristický nepoměr sil aktérů, přičemž oběť je nejčastěji ve výrazně slabší pozici. Často se jedná o podřízeného, ale výjimkou není ani šikana nadřízeného ze strany podřízených osob. V neformální hierarchii skupiny se šikanované osoby zpravidla nachází na okraji, bývají tzv. "černými ovcemi". Podstatou mobbingu je znehodnocení jedince po stránce psychické i fyzické. Toto chování se pak může odrážet na spokojenosti v zaměstnání a být spojeno se syndromem vyhoření. Dalšími důsledky jsou horší tělesné i duševní zdraví oběti, včetně vyšší incidence kardiovaskulárních onemocnění a rizik rozvoje psychických poruch, především adaptační poruchy, poruch nálady nebo dalších úzkostných poruch. Byla také pozorována vyšší incidence úzkostných poruch a poruch nálady v rané dospělosti u osob šikanovaných v mladším věku. Naopak z hlediska pachatele může být mobbing spojen se specifickými osobnostními charakteristikami, diagnózou poruchy osobnosti, impulzivitou a sebevědomým vystupováním a nižší schopností sebereflexe a decentralizace.
Mobbing is the recurring inadequate behavior of a group against an individual. This behavior can take the form of verbal aggression such as insults, threats, unilateral slander, harassment or exclusion from society, and sometimes physical aggression. Mobbing is characterized by a disproportionate force of actors, with the victim most often in a significantly weaker position. It is often a subordinate, but the bullying of a superior by subordinates is no exception. In the informal hierarchy of the group, bullied people are usually on the margins, they tend to be so-called "black sheep". The essence of mobbing is the mental and physical degradation of an individual. This behavior can then affect job satisfaction and be associated with burnout. Other consequences are the victim's poorer physical and mental health, including a higher incidence of cardiovascular disease and the risk of developing mental disorders, especially adaptation disorders, mood disorders or other anxiety disorders. A higher incidence of anxiety and mood disorders in early adulthood has also been observed in those bullied at a younger age. Conversely, from the offender's point of view, mobbing may be associated with specific personality characteristics, diagnosis of personality disorder, impulsivity and self-confidence, and a lower ability to self-reflect and decentre.
- Klíčová slova
- mobbing,
- MeSH
- agrese psychologie MeSH
- interpersonální vztahy MeSH
- konflikt (psychologie) MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- pracoviště * psychologie MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- šikana * psychologie MeSH
- zdraví MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
