Several studies have reported on application of cellulose particles for stabilizing Pickering emulsions (PE). Here we employ an original approach that involves using these particles as a part of advanced composite colloids made of conducting polymer polyaniline (PANI) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) or nanofibrils (CNF). PANI/cellulose particles were prepared using oxidative polymerization of aniline in situ in the presence of CNC or CNF. The type and amount of celluloses (CNC vs CNF) and concentration of precursors (aniline monomer and oxidant) used in the reaction determined properties of the colloidal particles, such as size, morphology and content of PANI. The particles demonstrated intriguing biological characteristics, including no cytotoxicity, antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, antioxidant activity and related immunomodulatory activity. For the first time, such composites were used to successfully stabilize oil-in-water PE with undecane or capric/caprylic triglyceride oils. The properties of the emulsions were determined by the PANI/cellulose particles and oil used. The key finding of the study is the demonstrated ability of PANI/cellulose particles to stabilize PE, as well as the excellent antioxidant activity and ROS scavenging action originating from PANI presence, indicating potential of such systems for use in biomedicine, particularly for wound healing.
Bio-inspired conductive scaffolds composed of sodium hyaluronate containing a colloidal dispersion of water-miscible polyaniline or polypyrrole particles (concentrations of 0.108, 0.054 and 0.036% w/w) were manufactured. For this purpose, either crosslinking with N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl-N-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride and N-hydroxysuccinimid or a freeze-thawing process in the presence of poly(vinylalcohol) was used. The scaffolds comprised interconnected pores with prevailing porosity values of ~ 30% and pore sizes enabling the accommodation of cells. A swelling capacity of 92-97% without any sign of disintegration was typical for all samples. The elasticity modulus depended on the composition of the scaffolds, with the highest value of ~ 50 kPa obtained for the sample containing the highest content of polypyrrole particles. The scaffolds did not possess cytotoxicity and allowed cell adhesion and growth on the surface. Using the in vivo-mimicking conditions in a bioreactor, cells were also able to grow into the structure of the scaffolds. The technique of scaffold preparation used here thus overcomes the limitations of conductive polymers (e.g. poor solubility in an aqueous environment, and limited miscibility with other hydrophilic polymer matrices) and moreover leads to the preparation of cytocompatible scaffolds with potentially cell-instructive properties, which may be of advantage in the healing of damaged electro-sensitive tissues.
Novel composite films combining biocompatible polysaccharides with conducting polyaniline (PANI) were prepared via the in-situ polymerization of aniline hydrochloride in the presence of sodium hyaluronate (SH) or chitosan (CH). The composite films possess very good cytocompatibility in terms of adhesion and proliferation of two lines of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC). Moreover, the cardiomyogenesis and even formation of beating clusters were successfully induced on the films. The proportion of formed cardiomyocytes demonstrated excellent properties of composites for tissue engineering of stimuli-responsive tissues. The testing also demonstrated antibacterial activity of the films against E. coli and PANI-SH was able to reduce bacterial growth from 2 × 105 to < 1 cfu cm-2. Physicochemical characterization revealed that the presence of polysaccharides did not notably influence conductivities of the composites being ∼1 and ∼2 S cm-1 for PANI-SH and PANI-CH respectively; however, in comparison with neat PANI, it modified their topography making the films smoother with mean surface roughness of 4 (PANI-SH) and 14 nm (PANI-CH). The combination of conductivity, antibacterial activity and mainly cytocompatibility with hiPSC opens wide application potential of these polysaccharide-based composites.
- MeSH
- aniliny chemie MeSH
- antibakteriální látky chemie farmakologie MeSH
- biokompatibilní materiály chemie farmakologie MeSH
- buněčná adheze účinky léků MeSH
- buněčné linie MeSH
- chitosan chemie MeSH
- elektrická vodivost MeSH
- Escherichia coli účinky léků MeSH
- indukované pluripotentní kmenové buňky účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- kyselina hyaluronová chemie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nanokompozity chemie MeSH
- polymerizace MeSH
- povrchové vlastnosti MeSH
- proliferace buněk účinky léků MeSH
- Staphylococcus aureus účinky léků MeSH
- tkáňové inženýrství metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Conducting polymers (CP) can be used as pH- and/or electro-responsive components in various bioapplications, for example, in 4D smart scaffolds. The ability of CP to maintain conductivity under physiological conditions is, therefore, their crucial property. Unfortunately, the conductivity of the CP rapidly decreases in physiological environment, as their conducting salts convert to non-conducting bases. One of the promising solutions how to cope with this shortcoming is the use of alternative "doping" process that is not based on the protonation of CP with acids but on interactions relying in acidic hydrogen bonding. Therefore, the phosphonates (dimethyl phosphonate, diethyl phosphonate, dibutyl phosphonate, or diphenyl phosphonate) were used to re-dope two most common representatives of CP, polyaniline (PANI) and polypyrrole (PPy) bases. As a result, PANI doped with organic phosphonates proved to have significantly better stability of conductivity under different pH. It has also been shown that cytotoxicity of studied materials determined on embryonic stem cells and their embryotoxicity, determined as the impact on cardiomyogenesis and erythropoiesis, depend both on the polymer and phosphonate types used. With the exception of PANI doped with dibutyl phosphonate, all PPy-based phosphonates showed better biocompatibility than the phosphonates based on PANI.
- MeSH
- aniliny chemie farmakologie MeSH
- biokompatibilní materiály chemie farmakologie MeSH
- buněčná diferenciace účinky léků MeSH
- buněčné linie MeSH
- elektrická vodivost MeSH
- koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
- myší embryonální kmenové buňky MeSH
- myši MeSH
- organofosfonáty chemie MeSH
- polymery chemie farmakologie MeSH
- pyrroly chemie farmakologie MeSH
- viabilita buněk účinky léků MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
A new hyaluronan derivative modified with β-cyclodextrin units (CD-HA) was prepared via the click reaction between propargylated hyaluronan and monoazido-cyclodextrin (CD) to achieve a degree of substitution of 4%. The modified hyaluronan was characterized by 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and size exclusion chromatography. Subsequent 1H-NMR and isothermal calorimetric titration experiments revealed that the CD units on CD-HA can form virtual 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 complexes with one-, two-, and three-site adamantane-based guests, respectively. These results imply that the CD-HA chains used the multitopic guests to form a supramolecular cross-linked network. The free CD-HA polymer was readily restored by the addition of a competing macrocycle, which entrapped the cross-linking guests. Thus, we demonstrated that the new CD-HA polymer is a promising component for the construction of chemical stimuli-responsive supramolecular architectures.
- MeSH
- beta-cyklodextriny chemická syntéza chemie MeSH
- kalorimetrie MeSH
- kyselina hyaluronová chemická syntéza chemie MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční spektroskopie MeSH
- molekulární struktura * MeSH
- polymery chemická syntéza chemie MeSH
- syntetická chemie okamžité shody MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The cytocompatibility of cardiomyocytes derived from embryonic stem cells and neural progenitors, which were seeded on the surface of composite films made of graphene oxide (GO) and polypyrrole (PPy-GO) or poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT-GO) are reported. The GO incorporated in the composite matrix contributes to the patterning of the composite surface, while the electrically conducting PPy and PEDOT serve as ion-to-electron transducers facilitating electrical stimulation/sensing. The films were fabricated by a simple one-step electropolymerization procedure on electrically conducting indium tin oxide (ITO) and graphene paper (GP) substrates. Factors affecting the cell behaviour, i.e. the surface topography, wettability, and electrical surface conductivity, were studied. The PPy-GO and PEDOT-GO prepared on ITO exhibited high surface conductivity, especially in the case of the ITO/PPy-GO composite. We found that for cardiomyocytes, the PPy-GO and PEDOT-GO composites counteracted the negative effect of the GP substrate that inhibited their growth. Both the PPy-GO and PEDOT-GO composites prepared on ITO and GP significantly decreased the cytocompatibility of neural progenitors. The presented results enhance the knowledge about the biological properties of electroactive materials, which are critical for tissue engineering, especially in context stimuli-responsive scaffolds.
- MeSH
- bicyklické sloučeniny heterocyklické chemie MeSH
- elektrická vodivost * MeSH
- elektrochemie * MeSH
- grafit farmakologie MeSH
- kardiomyocyty cytologie účinky léků MeSH
- myši MeSH
- nervové kmenové buňky cytologie účinky léků MeSH
- neurogeneze účinky léků MeSH
- polymery chemie farmakologie MeSH
- pyrroly chemie MeSH
- voda chemie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Conducting polymers (CP), namely polyaniline (PANI) and polypyrrole (PPy), are promising materials applicable for the use as biointerfaces as they intrinsically combine electronic and ionic conductivity. Although a number of works have employed PANI or PPy in the preparation of copolymers, composites, and blends with other polymers, there is no systematic study dealing with the comparison of their fundamental biological properties. The present study, therefore, compares the biocompatibility of PANI and PPy in terms of cytotoxicity (using NIH/3T3 fibroblasts and embryonic stem cells) and embryotoxicity (their impact on erythropoiesis and cardiomyogenesis within embryonic bodies). The novelty of the study lies not only in the fact that embryotoxicity is presented for the first time for both studied polymers, but also in the elimination of inter-laboratory variations within the testing, such variation making the comparison of previously published works difficult. The results clearly show that there is a bigger difference between the biocompatibility of the respective polymers in their salt and base forms than between PANI and PPy as such. PANI and PPy can, therefore, be similarly applied in biomedicine when solely their biological properties are considered. Impurity content detected by mass spectroscopy is presented. These results can change the generally accepted opinion of the scientific community on better biocompatibility of PPy in comparison with PANI.
- MeSH
- aniliny * škodlivé účinky farmakologie MeSH
- buňky NIH 3T3 MeSH
- embryoidní tělíska metabolismus patologie MeSH
- erytropoéza účinky léků MeSH
- kardiomyocyty metabolismus patologie MeSH
- myší embryonální kmenové buňky metabolismus patologie MeSH
- myši MeSH
- polymery * škodlivé účinky farmakologie MeSH
- pyrroly * škodlivé účinky farmakologie MeSH
- testování materiálů * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
Polyaniline cryogel is a new unique form of polyaniline combining intrinsic electrical conductivity and the material properties of hydrogels. It is prepared by the polymerization of aniline in frozen poly(vinyl alcohol) solutions. The biocompatibility of macroporous polyaniline cryogel was demonstrated by testing its cytotoxicity on mouse embryonic fibroblasts and via the test of embryotoxicity based on the formation of beating foci within spontaneous differentiating embryonic stem cells. Good biocompatibility was related to low contents of low-molecular-weight impurities in polyaniline cryogel, which was confirmed by liquid chromatography. The adhesion and growth of embryonic stem cells, embryoid bodies, cardiomyocytes, and neural progenitors prove that polyaniline cryogel has the potential to be used as a carrier for cells in tissue engineering or bio-sensing. The surface energy as well as the elasticity and porosity of cryogel mimic tissue properties. Polyaniline cryogel can therefore be applied in bio-sensing or regenerative medicine in general, and mainly in the tissue engineering of electrically excitable tissues.
- MeSH
- algoritmy MeSH
- aniliny chemie MeSH
- biokompatibilní materiály chemie MeSH
- buněčné kultury MeSH
- elektrická vodivost MeSH
- fibroblasty MeSH
- kryogely chemie MeSH
- mechanické jevy MeSH
- modul pružnosti MeSH
- myši MeSH
- poréznost MeSH
- teoretické modely MeSH
- testování materiálů MeSH
- tkáňové inženýrství MeSH
- viabilita buněk MeSH
- vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Conducting polyaniline can be prepared and modified using several procedures, all of which can significantly influence its applicability in different fields of biomedicine or biotechnology. The modifications of surface properties are crucial with respect to the possible applications of this polymer in tissue engineering or as biosensors. Innovative technique for preparing polyaniline films via in-situ polymerization in colloidal dispersion mode using four stabilizers (poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone; sodium dodecylsulfate; Tween 20 and Pluronic F108) was developed. The surface energy, conductivity, spectroscopic features, and cell compatibility of thin polyaniline films were determined using contact-angle measurement, the van der Pauw method, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and assay conducted on mouse fibroblasts, respectively. The stabilizers significantly influenced not only the surface and electrical properties of the films but also their cell compatibility. Sodium dodecylsulfate seems preferentially to combine both the high conductivity and good cell compatibility. Moreover, the films with sodium dodecylsulfate were non-irritant for skin, which was confirmed by their in-vitro exposure to the 3D-reconstructed human tissue model.
- MeSH
- aniliny škodlivé účinky chemie MeSH
- fibroblasty účinky léků MeSH
- koloidy škodlivé účinky chemie MeSH
- membrány umělé * MeSH
- myši MeSH
- spektroskopie infračervená s Fourierovou transformací MeSH
- viabilita buněk účinky léků MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
