A number of papers reporting antimicrobial properties of extracts, essential oils, resins and various classes of compounds isolated from higher plants have been published in recent years; however, a comprehensive analysis of plant-derived antimicrobial agents currently applied in practice for the improvement of human health is still lacking. This review summarizes data on clinical efficacy, antimicrobial effects and the chemistry of commercially available antibacterial and antifungal agents of plant origin currently used in the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal, oral, respiratory, skin, and urinary infections. As a result of an analysis of the literature, more than 40 plant-derived over-the-counter pharmaceuticals, dietary supplements, cosmetics, herbal medicines, and functional foods containing complex mixtures (e.g. Glycyrrhiza glabra extract, Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil, and Pistacia lentiscus resin), pure compounds (e.g. benzoic acid, berberine, eucalyptol, salicylic acid and thymol) as well as their derivatives and complexes (e.g. bismuth subsalicylate and zinc pyrithione) have been identified. The effectiveness of many of these products is illustrated by results of clinical trials and supported by data on there in vitro antimicrobial activity. A broad spectrum of various commercial products currently available on the market and their welldocumented clinical efficacy suggests that plants are prospective sources for the identification of new types of antimicrobial agents in future. Innovative approaches and methodologies for effective proof-of-concept research and the development of new types of plant-derived products effective against recently emerging problems related to human microbial diseases (e.g. antimicrobial resistance) are also proposed in this review.
- MeSH
- antibakteriální látky chemie farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- antifungální látky chemie farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- biologické přípravky chemie farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- Glycyrrhiza chemie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Melaleuca chemie MeSH
- mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
- molekulární struktura MeSH
- Pistacia chemie MeSH
- rostlinné extrakty chemie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
The antibacterial effects of essential oils and their components (EOCs) are usually attributed to effects on membranes and metabolism. Studies of the effects of EOCs on protein expression have primarily analysed proteins larger than 10 kDa using gel electrophoresis. In the present study, we used MALDI-TOF-MS to investigate the effects of EOCs on low-molecular-weight proteins. From 297 m/z features, we identified 94 proteins with important differences in expression among untreated samples, samples treated with EOCs, and samples treated with antibiotics, peroxide, or chlorine. The targets of these treatments obviously differ, even among EOCs. In addition to ribosomal proteins, stress-, membrane- and biofilm-related proteins were affected. These findings may provide a basis for identifying new targets of essential oils and synergies with other antibiotics.
- MeSH
- antibakteriální látky metabolismus MeSH
- Escherichia coli účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- fyziologický stres * MeSH
- molekulová hmotnost MeSH
- oleje prchavé metabolismus MeSH
- proteiny z Escherichia coli analýza chemie MeSH
- proteom analýza MeSH
- spektrometrie hmotnostní - ionizace laserem za účasti matrice * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) causes numerous mild-to-serious human diseases, including mucocutaneous herpes infections and life-threatening herpes encephalitis. Moreover, herpes viral lesions can be complicated by inflammation and secondary bacterial infections. The development of resistance to antiviral drugs along with the undesirable side effects of these drugs are relevant argue for the development of new anti-HSV drugs with diverse mechanisms of action. Eucalyptus extracts have been used for decades to combat various infectious diseases. We isolated and studied 12 pure compounds and one mixture of two constitutional isomers from the leaves and twigs of E. globulus. The structures were identified by spectroscopic methods (NMR, HR-MS, IR) and all of them were tested for antiherpetic activity against the replication of antigen types HSV-1 and HSV-2. Tereticornate A (12) (IC50: 0.96 μg/mL; selectivity index CC50/IC50: 218.8) showed the strongest activity in the anti-HSV-1 assay, even greater than acyclovir (IC50: 1.92 μg/mL; selectivity index CC50/IC50: 109.4), a standard antiviral drug. Cypellocarpin C (5) (EC50: 0.73 μg/mL; selectivity index CC50/EC50: 287.7) showed the most potent anti-HSV-2 activity, also more intensive than acyclovir (EC50: 1.75 μg/mL; selectivity index CC50/EC50: 120.0). The antimicrobial activity of the isolated compounds was also evaluated against the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the yeast Candida albicans. The anti-inflammatory potential was examined using LPS-stimulated THP-1-XBlue™-MD2-CD14 and THP-1 macrophages and focusing on the influences of the NF-κB/AP-1 activity and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α.
- MeSH
- antibakteriální látky chemie farmakologie MeSH
- antiflogistika chemie farmakologie MeSH
- antiinfekční látky chemie farmakologie MeSH
- antioxidancia metabolismus MeSH
- antivirové látky chemie farmakologie MeSH
- buněčné linie MeSH
- Cercopithecus aethiops MeSH
- cytokiny metabolismus MeSH
- Eucalyptus chemie MeSH
- herpes simplex metabolismus virologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- NF-kappa B metabolismus MeSH
- reaktivní formy kyslíku metabolismus MeSH
- rostlinné extrakty chemie farmakologie MeSH
- Simplexvirus účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- transkripční faktor AP-1 metabolismus MeSH
- Vero buňky MeSH
- viabilita buněk účinky léků MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
V práci jsou shrnuty nové poznatky o kinematice hlasivek, získané užitím vysokorychlostní kamery HSV. Standardně používané parametry hodnocení hlasivkové kinematiky jsou rozšířeny o nové, získané použitím metod, vycházejících z detekce hlasivkové štěrbiny a stanovení její hlavní osy. Na vybraných kazuistikách jsou dokumentovány parametry symetrie štěrbiny a pohybu těžiště hlasivkové štěrbiny vzhledem k její ose.
This study deals with new findings about vocal folds kinematics acquired by using High–Speed Video camera. The parameters usually applied to measuring vocal folds kinematics are supplemented with new ones which are based on detection of glottis and determination of its main axis. Parameters of glottis symmetry and parameters of motion of glottis center point against its main axis are illustrated on selected case reports.
Increased ingestion of aluminum (Al) can lead to its accumulation in the human body, especially in people with kidney problems. Al is also associated with several nervous diseases and its negative influence on embryo development during pregnancy has been proven in animal models. Hibiscus sabdariffa L. petals are widely used alone or in fruit tea formulas, which are recommended for drinking during pregnancy instead of tea. Its petals can contain similar and even higher amounts of Al as tea, which is a known Al accumulator. Our research investigated whether the regular intake of H. sabdariffa infusion leads to increased burden of Al. Sixteen days of ingestion of H. sabdariffa infusion (c Al = 0.5 mg.L(-1)) led to increased but unbalanced levels (15-86 μg L(-1)) of Al in urine compared to a period when the infusion was not ingested. The highest amounts of Al excreted were observed every third day during the ingestion. Mild health problems, such as nausea and dizziness (which could be related to plant properties) were reported by more sensitive volunteers.Our results suggest that the tea infusion from H. sabdariffa petals increases body burden of Al and, therefore, sensitive individuals as pregnant women and people with kidney problems should be cautious with excessive consumption of hibiscus infusion or fruit teas containing this plant. However, further study including more individuals is needed to fully confirm our preliminary results.
Eyebright, Euphrasia rostkoviana Hayne (Scrophulariaceae), is a medicinal plant traditionally used in Europe for the treatment of various health disorders, especially as eyewash to treat eye ailments such as conjunctivitis and blepharitis that can be associated with bacterial infections. Some Euphrasia species have been previously reported to contain essential oil. However, the composition and bioactivity of E. rostkoviana oil are unknown. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the eyebright essential oil against some organisms associated with eye infections: Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. GC-MS analysis revealed more than 70 constituents, with n-hexadecanoic acid (18.47%) as the main constituent followed by thymol (7.97%), myristic acid (4.71%), linalool (4.65%), and anethole (4.09%). The essential oil showed antimicrobial effect against all organisms tested with the exception of P. aeruginosa. The best activity was observed against all Gram-positive bacteria tested with the minimum inhibitory concentrations of 512 µg/mL. This is the first report on the chemical composition of E. rostkoviana essential oil and its antimicrobial activity.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Plumbagin (5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone), a bicyclic naphthoquinone naturally distributed among Plumbago species, has been reported to have antimicrobial activity against a wide range of microorganisms. In this study, plumbagin was examined for its combinatory antimicrobial effect with tetracycline or oxacillin against nine strains of Staphylococcus aureus, including its methicillin- and multidrug-resistant strains. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined through the broth microdilution method, whereas the combinatory effect was evaluated according to the sum of fractional inhibitory concentration (ΣFIC) indices. Additive interactions were obtained for both combinations against most of the strains tested. Synergy was obtained for combination with oxacillin against two out of seven strains (ΣFIC range 0.273-0.281), both were methicillin resistant. Our results proved plumbagin as a compound suitable for anti-Staphylococcal combinatory testing. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of plumbagin synergy with oxacillin against S. aureus strains, including its resistant forms.
- MeSH
- antibakteriální látky farmakologie MeSH
- mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
- mnohočetná bakteriální léková rezistence MeSH
- naftochinony farmakologie MeSH
- oxacilin farmakologie MeSH
- Staphylococcus aureus klasifikace účinky léků MeSH
- synergismus léků MeSH
- tetracyklin farmakologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The broth microdilution (BMD) method is widely used for the determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations of antimicrobial agents, including volatile oils and their components. In this series of various experiments, we have demonstrated the influence of thymoquinone (TQ) vapor on the results of the BMD test performed with Staphylococcus aureus as a model organism. The spread of vapor from the TQ containing wells (32-512 μg/mL) caused the complete inhibition of staphylococcal growth in adjoining wells initially containing bacterium-inoculated pure Mueller-Hinton broth only and thus produced false positive results of the test. The ability of TQ to pass into the adjoined wells was subsequently confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, whereas TQ at concentrations up to 84 μg/mL was detected in these wells after five hours. Based on these results, we suppose that vapors of TQ as well as of other naturally occurring volatile compounds and their mixtures (for example essential oils and plant extracts) can significantly influence results of the standard BMD assay. These observations, therefore, call for development of new appropriate BMD method suitable for assessment of antimicrobial activity of volatile substances.
- MeSH
- antiinfekční látky chemie farmakologie MeSH
- benzochinony chemie farmakologie MeSH
- mikrobiální testy citlivosti metody MeSH
- oleje prchavé chemie farmakologie MeSH
- oleje rostlin chemie farmakologie MeSH
- oxacilin chemie farmakologie MeSH
- Staphylococcus aureus účinky léků růst a vývoj MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the major catechin contained in tea leaves, is known to possess the synergistic anti-staphylococcal activity in combination with various β-lactam antibiotics and tetracycline. In the present study, we explored the in vitro combinatory effect of EGCG in combination with oxytetracycline against eight standard strains and clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, including erythromycin, methicillin and tetracycline resistant strains. The minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined by the broth microdilution assay and the data were evaluated according to the sum of fractional inhibitory concentrations (∑FIC). Our results showed synergistic and additive interactions against all S. aureus strains tested (∑FIC 0.288-0.631), two of which were multidrug resistant. According to our best knowledge, it is the first report on the EGCG synergy with oxytetracycline. Considering its significant synergistic antimicrobial effect and low toxicity, we suggest EGCG as a promising compound for the development of new anti-staphylococcal formulations.
- MeSH
- antibakteriální látky farmakologie MeSH
- čaj chemie MeSH
- erythromycin farmakologie MeSH
- katechin analogy a deriváty farmakologie MeSH
- listy rostlin chemie MeSH
- methicilin rezistentní Staphylococcus aureus účinky léků MeSH
- mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
- mnohočetná bakteriální léková rezistence MeSH
- oxytetracyklin farmakologie MeSH
- rezistence na methicilin MeSH
- rezistence na tetracyklin MeSH
- synergismus léků MeSH
- tetracyklin farmakologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
