Úvod: Aj napriek výrazným pokrokom v manažmente kardiovaskulárnych ochorení (KVO), predstavuje celosvetovo táto skupina ochorení najčastejšiu príčinu morbidity a mortality. Redukcia hladín LDL-cholesterolu (LDL-C) je základným pilierom primárnej, ako aj sekundárnej prevencie KVO. Cieľom tejto práce bolo sledovať koncentrácie LDL-C u pacientov vo veľmi vysokom kardiovaskulárnom (KV) riziku a popísať aká časť týchto pacientov dosahuje cieľové hodnoty LDL-C. Metodika: Táto štúdia prebiehala vo forme retrospektívnej analýzy anonymizovaných hodnôt LDL-C z rokov 2017–2019 z dát spolupracujúceho laboratória s celoslovenskou pôsobnosťou. Celkovo boli zaradení pacienti s diagnózou akútneho koronárneho syndrómu (AKS), cievnej mozgovej príhody (CMP) a všeobecne pacienti s veľmi vysokým KV-rizikom. Cieľové hodnoty LDL-C boli hodnotené na základe toho času platných odporučení ESC/EAS 2016. Výsledky: Celkovo sa spracovalo 220 657 záznamov vyšetrení LDL-C od 72 039 pacientov. U pacientov s diagnózou AKS dosahovali cieľové hodnoty LDL-C len 8–9 % pacientov v jednotlivých rokoch sledovania. Až 6–9 % pacientov malo hladiny LDL-C na úrovni ≥ 4,9 mmol/l. V prípade pacientov s diagnózou CMP dosahovalo cieľové hodnoty LDL-C len 9–10 % pacientov a 7–8 % malo hladiny ≥ 4,9 mmol/l. V skupine s veľmi vysokým KV-rizikom dosahovalo cieľové hladiny len 7 % pacientov a 7–8 % malo extrémne vysoké hodnoty LDL-C ≥ 4,9 mmol/l. V prípade uplatnenia najnovších odporučení ESC/EAS 2019 dosahovali cieľové hladiny len 2–3 % pacientov v jednotlivých skupinách a rokoch. Záver: Na základe výsledkov analýzy sme zistili, že až vyše 90 % pacientov vo veľmi vysokom KV-riziku nedosahuje cieľové hodnoty LDL-C. Títo pacienti sú naďalej vo vysokom riziku následnej KV-príhody a mali by významný benefit z intenzifikovanej hypolipemickej terapie.

Introduction: Despite significant progress in the management of cardiovascular (CV) diseases, they represent the most common cause of morbidity and mortality. LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) reduction is a basic pillar of primary as well as secondary prevention of heart disease. The Aim of this study was to monitor LDL-C concentrations in patients at very high CV risk and to determine the prevalence of patients reaching the LDL-C target values. Methodology: This project took place in the form of a retrospective analysis of anonymized LDL-C values from 2017–2019 from the data of cooperating laboratory with nationwide operations. Overall, patients with a diagnosis of an acute coronary syndrome (ACS), stroke and a general patient with a very high CV risk were included. The LDL-C target values were evaluated based on the then valid ESC/EAS 2016 recommendations. Results: A total of 220,657 LDL-C results from 72,039 patients were obtained. In patients with ACS, LDL-C target values were achieved by only 8–9 % of patients in each year of follow-up. Up to 6–9 % of patients have LDL-C levels ≥ 4.9 mmol/L. In the case of patients with stroke, only 9–10 % of patients achieved target values and 7–8 % had levels ≥ 4.9 mmol/L. In the group with very high CV risk, only 7 % of patients reached the target levels and 7–8 % had extremely high LDL-C values ≥ 4.9 mmol/L. In the case of the application of the new ESC/EAS 2019 recommendations, the target levels were reached by only 2–3 % of patients. Conclusion: Based on the results of the analysis, we found that up to 90 % of patients at very high CV risk do not reach the target LDL-C values. These patients remain at high risk for further CV events and would benefit significantly from intensified hypolipidemic therapy.

• MeSH
• dyslipidemie diagnóza   patologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• kardiovaskulární nemoci prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• LDL-cholesterol * krev   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• rizikové faktory kardiovaskulárních chorob MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Slovenská republika MeSH

BACKGROUND: Nowadays, mobile devices that emit non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation (EMR) are predominantly used by juveniles and pubescents. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of whole body pulsed EMR on the juvenile Wistar albino rat testis at a frequency of 2.45 GHz and mean power density of 2.8 mW/cm2. METHODS: The investigated animals (n=24) were divided into two control and two EMR groups (5 and 6 week old rats; 6 rats per group). Both EMR groups were irradiated continually for 3 weeks (2h/day) from postnatal days 14 and 21, respectively. RESULTS: EMR caused an irregular shape of seminiferous tubules with desquamated immature germ cells in the lumen, a large number of empty spaces along the seminiferous epithelium and dilated and congested blood vessels in the interstitial tissue of the testis. The cytoplasm of Sertoli cells showed strong vacuolization and damaged organelles, with the cytoplasm full of different heterophagic and lipid vacuoles or the cytoplasm of spermatocytes with swollen mitochondria in both irradiated groups. A significant increase in the total tubular area of seminiferous tubules was observed in both EMR groups compared with controls (P<0.001). A significant increase in the TUNEL-positive apoptotic nuclei (P<0.01) was accompanied by a significant rise in both Cu-Zn-SOD (P<0.01) and Mn-SOD (P<0.001) positive cells in the 6 week old experimental rats compared to control animals. CONCLUSION: Our results confirmed a harmful effect of non-ionizing radiation on the structure and ultrastructure of the juvenile rat testis.

• MeSH
• elektromagnetické záření * MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• neionizující záření škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• stárnutí MeSH
• testis účinky záření   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Intestinal ischemic-reperfusion (IR) injury has detrimental effects on both local and distant organs in the body. Betanin is known for its antioxidant properties, and it is found mostly in vegetables. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that betanin administration prior intestinal IR, may be beneficial in protecting jejunal mucosa and lung parenchyma against IR damage. Male specific pathogen-free Charles River Wistar rats were used (n = 42). Betanin (50 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally 30 min before ischemia of the superior mesenteric artery lasting 1 h, followed by 1, 4 and 24 h of reperfusion. Immunohistochemical as well as histomorphometrical analysis indicated a protective effect of betanin pretreatment on jejunal tissue. Regarding morphometrical analysis betanin significantly (p < 0.01) augments intestinal villus height after 24 of reperfusion comparing to early stages. Betanin application reduced number of mast cells population in early reperfusion periods (p < 0.05). The protective effect of betanin on lung parenchyma, was detected in late reperfusion period (24 h) with improvement of histopathological injury index and morphometric analysis (p < 0.001 for both). The improvement of histopathological injury index (p < 0.001) and morphometric analysis (p < 0.001) during the late reperfusion period, suggests a protective effect of betanin on lung parenchyma. Moreover, suppression of the inflammatory response was mirrored by the reduction of myeloperoxidase (MPO) positive cells within lung parenchyma after 1 and 4 h of reperfusion (p < 0.001). Especially, during the first 4 h of reperfusion after betanin administration, a reduction of 74% of the polymorphonuclear neutrophils infiltration (MPO positive cell population) and of a nearly 46% of active MCs was observed. Upon morphometric examination, the lung histological architecture after 24 h of reperfusion appeared to be almost 100% better following betanin treatment, with 25% thinner interalveolar septa and 20% larger alveolar surface for respiratory gas exchange. The results suggest that betanin pretreatment protects the jejunal mucosa and the lung parenchyma, as well as reduces the inflammatory cell density after intestinal IR injury.

• MeSH
• betakyaniny aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   MeSH
• jejunum účinky léků   zranění   patologie   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• parenterální výživa MeSH
• plíce účinky léků   patologie   MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• reperfuzní poškození komplikace   MeSH
• zánět farmakoterapie   etiologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The aim of our study was to analyse the possible protective effect of quercetin application during the jejunal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in rats. Quercetin was administered intraperitoneally 30min before 1h ischemia of superior mesenteric artery with following 24h lasting reperfusion period. The male specific pathogen-free (SPF) Charles River Wistar rats were used. In the group with applied quercetin, the significantly increased (p<0.001) levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10 were observed both in the blood serum and jejunal tissue. The improvement of the mucosal tissue morphology and proliferating and DNA repairing cell number measured by PCNA activity were recorded by more than 30% higher in the quercetin group. Simultaneously, significant elongation of the intestinal glands (p<0.001) and increase in the number of CD68-positive cells in the lamina propria mucosae (p<0.001) in comparison with control group were found. Based on our results, the preventive application of quercetin before induction of jejunal IRI stimulates faster jejunal mucosa restoration and it seems to have immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects as well. CD68-positive macrophages could have crucial role in this process since they work as both growth factor and cytokine producers.

• MeSH
• antiflogistika farmakologie   MeSH
• antigeny diferenciační myelomonocytární metabolismus   MeSH
• CD antigeny metabolismus   MeSH
• jejunum účinky léků   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• quercetin farmakologie   MeSH
• reperfuzní poškození patofyziologie   MeSH
• žaludeční sliznice účinky léků   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Objective/background. High risk of recurrent ischemic stroke within the first 14 days after index event in patients with atherosclerotic stenosis of the carotid arteries gave the impetus for the revision of the term of performing carotid endarterectomy (CEA) in symptomatic patients. Nowadays the advisability of performing urgent CEA within 72 h after stroke onset in neurologically unstable patients is discussed frequently. The paper presents the evaluation of carotid endarterectomy during the acute period of ischemic stroke. Methods. The results of CEA in 462 patients with symptomatic ICA stenosis performed in two independent Vascular Centers were analyzed. Indication for CEA was stenosis of ICA 50%. In Group I 28.5% of patients underwent CEA within 14 days after stroke onset, and in 71.5% of patients was performed 6 weeks after stroke onset. In Group II 39.5% of patients with unstable neurological symptoms underwent within 3–6 h after stroke onset, and in 60.5% of patients with unstable atherosclerotic plaque, CEA was performed within 24–48 h after stroke onset. Results. In Group I (239 people) 7 (2.9%) patients developed stroke. Three (1.3%) patients died. In Group II (223 people) 5 (2.2%) patients developed stroke. One (0.4%) patient died. When comparing complications in the early postoperative period no statistical significance was found. Conclusions. Urgent CEA is indicated in patients with unstable neurological symptoms as well as for those with unstable atherosclerotic plaques. Considering a high risk of stroke recurrence within the first 14 days urgent CEA is effective in the prevention of recurrent stroke. Only 2.2% patients developed postoperatively stroke.

• MeSH
• aterosklerotický plát epidemiologie   MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• cévní mozková příhoda * chirurgie   MeSH
• karotická endarterektomie * statistika a číselné údaje   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• komorbidita MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neurologické manifestace MeSH
• pooperační období MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

Učební texty pro studenty zubního lékařství, které se zaměřují na mikroskopickou anatomii.

• MeSH
• anatomie MeSH
• mikroskopie MeSH
• zubní lékařství MeSH

• Konspekt
• Anatomie člověka a srovnávací anatomie
• NLK Obory
• anatomie
• zubní lékařství
• NLK Publikační typ
• učebnice vysokých škol

Idiopatická pľúcna fibróza sa za posledné roky javí ako dôležitý problém v oblasti individuálneho ako aj verejného zdravia. Cieľom tohto článku je poskytnúť stručný prehľad o incidencii, etiopatogenéze, klinickom obraze, prognóze, nových liekoch, liečebných postupoch, no predovšetkým naše skúsenosti s komorbiditami pri tejto diagnóze na kardiologickej ambulancii. Vzhľadom na závažnosť a nevyliečiteľnosť tohto ochorenia je nutné zdôrazniť multidisciplinárny prístup ako aj dôležitosť nefarmakologických intervencií na zlepšenie kvality života.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis seems to have become a serious problem for both individual and public health in recent years. It is therefore necessary to coordinate information about its incidence, potential risk factors, prognosis, mortality as well as new treatment alternatives. The article aims to provide a brief outline of the incidence, etiopathogenesis, clinical signs, prognosis and new drugs. Because of the seriousness and incurability of this disease it is essential to emphasize a multidisciplinary approach as well as the importance of nonpharmacological interventions for improving the quality of life.

• MeSH
• hormony kůry nadledvin škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• komorbidita MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• plicní fibróza * farmakoterapie   chirurgie   komplikace   MeSH
• transplantace plic metody   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• kazuistiky MeSH

Quercetin, the active substance of tea, fruits and vegetables, exerts a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities and is considered to have potential therapeutic application. The present study was designed to investigate the beneficial effect of quercetin against experimental ischemia- reperfusion (IR) injury of the small intestine in rats. Quercetin was administrated intraperitoneally 30min before 1h ischemia of superior mesenteric artery with following reperfusion periods lasting 1, 4 and 24h. The male specific pathogen-free Charles River Wistar rats were used (n=45). In acute phase, 4h after start of reperfusion, the quercetin induced a significant decrease in mucosal injury index (p<0.05) accompanied by a significant decrease in cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in the epithelial lining of the intestinal villi in comparison with the control group (p<0.01). In the epithelium of the intestinal glands, COX-2 expression resulting from IR injury significantly increased regardless quercetin application (in control group p<0.001; in quercetin group p<0.05), but in quercetin group, significant decrease in it during 24h of reperfusion in a late phase of IR injury was detected (p<0.001). Based on morphology of COX-2 positive cells, the COX-2 positivity was found particularly in goblet cells of the intestinal villi epithelium and enteroendocrine cells respectively, in the glandular epithelium. We concluded that quercetin application attenuated mucosal damage from IR injury by inhibiting neutrophil infiltration which was demonstrated by a lower number of myeloperoxidase positive cells in the lamina propria during both phases of IR injury and the significant decrease in that in a late phase after 24h of reperfusion (p<0.05).

• MeSH
• cyklooxygenasa 2 biosyntéza   MeSH
• enzymová indukce MeSH
• epitelové buňky účinky léků   enzymologie   MeSH
• peroxidasa biosyntéza   MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• quercetin farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• reperfuzní poškození farmakoterapie   enzymologie   MeSH
• střevní sliznice účinky léků   enzymologie   zranění   patologie   MeSH
• tenké střevo patologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• Publikační typ
• abstrakt z konference MeSH

• Publikační typ
• abstrakt z konference MeSH