OBJECTIVES: Understanding immune response is critical for control of COVID-19 pandemic. However, recent studies show that vaccine-induced humoral immunity may not be long-lasting and weaker in SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. METHODS: In May 2021, 253 self-nominated persons were tested for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in 1 to 104 days (mean 41, median 28) after two doses of Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech vaccines in the city of Brno, Czechia. Two point-of-care iCHROMATM II immunofluorescence assays were used: COVID-19 Ab against mix of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid and spike proteins (IgG Ab); and COVID-19 nAb against S1-RBD protein (nAb). Results were analysed in relation to gender, age, vaccine, and past COVID-19 disease. RESULTS: Antibodies nAb were detectable in 92.9% (95% CI: 89.7-96.0) of vaccinees. We observed statistically insignificant decrease of positive results from 93.9% (95% CI: 89.5-98.3) and 97.0% (95% CI: 92.8-100.0) in the first and second month after vaccination, respectively, to 91.7% (95% CI: 83.8-99.5) and 78.3% (95% CI: 61.4-95.1) in the third and fourth month, respectively. Quantitative results showed decreasing level of nAb in both genders, age groups and vaccines. Higher levels of nAb were found in younger age group and in COVID-19 convalescents. IgG Ab showed little dynamics in time. CONCLUSIONS: We found robust humoral response after vaccination with mRNA vaccines, however, decreasing nAb levels suggest that vaccine-induced humoral immunity is rapidly waning. This finding is relevant for adjustment of vaccination strategies with regard to inclusion of booster dose(s).
- MeSH
- COVID-19 * diagnóza prevence a kontrola MeSH
- imunoglobulin G MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- messenger RNA MeSH
- neutralizující protilátky MeSH
- pandemie MeSH
- point of care testing MeSH
- protilátky virové MeSH
- SARS-CoV-2 MeSH
- vakcinace MeSH
- virové vakcíny * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Úvod: Porozumění imunitní odpovědi po očkování proti SARS-CoV-2 je pro kontrolu pandemie covid-19 zásadní. Nedávné studie ukazují, že humorální imunita vyvolaná očkováním nemusí být dlouhodobá a je slabší u seniorů. Metodika a materiál: Na přelomu června a července 2021 bylo na protilátky proti SARS-Cov-2 v Jihomoravském kraji jednorázově testováno 653 seniorů (426 žen a 197 mužů v průměrném věku 74 let) v době 9 až 161 dní po druhé dávce vakcíny (558 Pfizer--BioNTech, 28 Moderna, 36 AstraZeneca, 1 Johnson & Johnson). Vzorky plné kapilární krve byly vyšetřeny dvěma point-of care imunofluorescenční testy systému iCHROMA ™ II: (1) COVID-19 Ab proti směsi nukleokapsidových a Spike proteinů SARS-CoV-2 (IgM Ab, IgG Ab) a (2) COVID-19 nAb proti S1-RBD proteinu (nAb). Výsledky byly analyzovány ve vztahu k pohlaví, věku, typu vakcíny a předchozím onemocnění covid-19. Výsledky: Naše výsledky ukazují vysokou variabilitu protilátkové odpovědi, naznačují však celkově poměrně slabou a snižující se protilátkovou odpověď v prvních cca 6 měsících po očkování. V celém souboru mělo pozitivní virus-neutralizační protilátky (nAb) pouze 58,4 % osob (95% CI: 54,6–62,3). Hladina se snižovala s časem od očkování – ve 4. a 5. měsíci po očkování mělo pozitivní nAb pouze 41,1 % (95% CI: 30,9–51,3), resp. 15,4 % (95% CI: 1,5–29,3) očkovaných. Nižší protilátkovou odpověď vykazovali senioři ve starších věkových skupinách, očkovaní vakcínou AstraZeneca a ti, kteří neprodělali onemocnění covid-19 v minulosti. Závěr: Protilátková odpověď po očkování proti SARS-CoV-2 u seniorů byla poměrně slabá a snižovala se v prvních 6 měsících po očkování. Přestože je humorální imunita komplexní a buněčná imunitní paměť je klíčovým prvkem humorální odpovědi po expozici divokému viru, naše výsledky naznačují, že humorální imunita vyvolaná vakcinací nemusí být dlouhodobá. Obzvlášť ohroženi jsou senioři ve vysokém věku, kteří dosud neprodělali přirozenou infekci SARS-CoV-2. Toto zjištění je relevantní pro úpravu vakcinačních strategií ve vybraných populačních skupinách s ohledem na zařazení posilovací dávky. Je vhodné sledovat protilátkovou odpověď a komplexní imunitní odpověď po očkování proti SARS-CoV-2 v delším časovém horizontu.
Introduction: Understanding the immune response after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is essential to control the COVID-19 pandemic. Recent studies indicate that vaccine-induced humoral immunity may not be long-lasting and is weaker in the elderly. Methodology and Sample: At the turn of June and July 2021, 653 seniors (426 women and 197 men with a mean age of 74 years) were tested once for antibodies against SARS-Cov-2 in the South Moravian Region between 9 and 161 days after the second dose of vaccine (558 Pfizer -BioNTech, 28 Moderna, 36 AstraZeneca, 1 Johnson & Johnson). Samples of the whole capillary blood were tested in two point-of-care iCHROMA™ II immunofluorescence assays: (1) COVID-19 Ab against mix of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid and spike proteins (IgM Ab, IgG Ab) and (2) COVID-19 nAb against S1-RBD protein (nAb). Results were analysed in relation to gender, age, vaccine type, and past COVID-19 disease. Results: Our results show high variability in the antibody response but indicate an overall relatively weak and decreasing antibody response in the first six months after vaccination. Only 58.4% (95% CI: 54.6-62.3) of subjects had virus neutralizing antibodies (nAb). The level of nAb decreased with time from vaccination - at post-vaccination months 4 and 5, nAb were only detected in 41.1% (95% CI: 30.9-51.3) and 15.4% (95% CI: 1.5-29.3) of subjects, respectively. Vaccinees in older age groups, those vaccinated with AstraZeneca, and naive individuals showed a lower antibody response. Conclusion: The antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in the elderly was relatively weak and decreased in the first six months after vaccination. Although humoral immunity is complex and cellular immune memory is a key element of the humoral response after exposure to the wild virus, our results suggest that vaccine-induced humoral immunity may not be long-lasting. The oldest koncenage groups who have not acquired natural SARS-CoV-2 infection are particularly at risk. This finding is relevant for adjusting vaccination strategies in selected population groups to include a booster dose. More research into the antibody response and the complex immune response after vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 over longer time is needed.
- MeSH
- adaptivní imunita MeSH
- COVID-19 * imunologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- pozorovací studie jako téma MeSH
- protilátky virové analýza MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- tvorba protilátek MeSH
- vakcinace MeSH
- vakcíny proti COVID-19 imunologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
Vydání 1. 252 stran : ilustrace ; 30 cm
Studie se zaměřuje na regulaci obchodu s psychoaktivním konopím a její možné dopady na českou společnost. Určeno odborné veřejnosti.
- MeSH
- Cannabis MeSH
- formální sociální kontrola MeSH
- obchod MeSH
- sociální změna MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Konspekt
- Národní hospodářství a hospodářská politika
- NLK Obory
- ekonomie, ekonomika, ekonomika zdravotnictví
- NLK Publikační typ
- kolektivní monografie
- studie
- brožury
- MeSH
- hráčství * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- primární prevence MeSH
- programy národního zdraví * MeSH
- vládní programy * MeSH
- vytváření politiky MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- úvodní články MeSH
The Czech Republic has experienced meth use as the major drug problem in the country since as early as 1983. As a consequence, drugs services in the Czech Republic are well tuned in to meth users as the main client group. What is the Czech experience indicating? The differences between methamphetamine and opiates use are considerable. Methamphetamine users often suffer metal health difficulties such as paranoia, severe sleeping disorders, anxieties, and induced psychosis, emotional instability and engage themselves in different kinds of risk behaviour to heroin users. In contrast with opiate use, application is less frequent. It is a close drug scene, users often do not go out in the day, needles are in some groups exchanged once every two weeks in larger amounts by a „group agent“, who is also a user. These patterns of behaviour make work difficult for outreach services as the contact has to be done in the evening and it often involves visiting the users in their homes. It also indicates a need to build the trust of the „agent“, and even consider employing him or her to do needle exchange and to carry out some basic HR education among other users. Regarding treatment, both outpatient and residential, a key question is whether a specialised treatment services should be in place for the meth users, or whether treatment programs should simply be adapted. In any case, it is an imperative that service staff is trained to be able to deal with paranoia, induced psychosis and other mental health related issues. The debate at hand is what is more effective and feasible in methampheta- mine treatment: to develop specialised serv ices or to adapt current ones by training the teams to become truly multidisciplinary. Jindrich Voboril is the founder and Chief Executive of the 2nd largest NGO in the Czech Republic working in drug use treatment and prevention. He has been in this line of work for over 20 years and has played an active role at developing and realizing national drug strategies with the Czech National Drug Commission. He counts with an MA in Education from the University of Olomouc and a Pg Dip on Drug Use and Addictions from the Liver pool John Moores University, as well as counseling and psychotherapeutic training and experience. He is currently a lecturer in Drug Interventions at the Masarykova University in Brno and on Adictology at the Medical Faculty of the Charles University in Prague. Jindrich has worked for the Soros Foundation and for the European Commission as an international consultant in Afghanistan, where he prepared and delivered a training course on HR for medical and other professionals, and carried out an in-depth feasibility study on Social Protection.
