OBJECTIVES: Justinian plague and its subsequent outbreaks were major events influencing Early Medieval Europe. One of the affected communities was the population of Saint-Doulchard in France, where plague victim burials were concentrated in a cemetery enclosure ditch. This study aimed to obtain more information about their life-histories using the tools of isotope analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Dietary analysis using carbon and nitrogen isotopes was conducted on 97 individuals buried at Le Pressoir in Saint-Doulchard, with 36 of those originating from the enclosure ditch. This sample set includes all individuals analyzed for plague DNA in a previous study. Mobility analysis using strontium isotope analysis supplements the dietary study, with 47 analyzed humans. The results are supported by a reference sample set of 31 animal specimens for dietary analysis and 9 for mobility analysis. RESULTS: The dietary analysis results showed significantly different dietary behavior in individuals from the ditch burials, with better access to higher quality foods richer in animal protein. 87Sr/86Sr ratios are similar for both studied groups and indicate a shared or similar area of origin. DISCUSSION: The results suggest that the ditch burials contain an urban population from the nearby city of Bourges, which overall had a better diet than the rural population from Saint-Doulchard. It is implied that city's population might have been subjected to high mortality rates during the plague outbreak(s), which led to their interment in nearby rural cemeteries.
- MeSH
- dějiny středověku MeSH
- dieta * škodlivé účinky dějiny MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- hřbitovy MeSH
- izotopy dusíku * analýza MeSH
- izotopy stroncia analýza MeSH
- izotopy uhlíku * analýza MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mor * dějiny epidemiologie mortalita MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- dějiny středověku MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- historické články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Francie MeSH
Archaeological research is radically transforming the view that the Amazon basin and surrounding areas witnessed limited societal development before European contact. Nevertheless, uncertainty remains on the nature of the subsistence systems and the role that aquatic resources, terrestrial mammalian game, and plants had in supporting population growth, geographic dispersal, cultural adaptations and political complexity during the later stages of the pre-Columbian era. This is exacerbated by the general paucity of archaeological human remains enabling individual dietary reconstructions. Here we use stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of bone collagen to reconstruct the diets of human individuals from São Luís Island (Brazilian Amazon coast) dated between ca. 1800 and 1000 cal BP and associated with distinct ceramic traditions. We expanded our analysis to include previously published data from Maracá and Marajó Island, in the eastern Amazon. Quantitative estimates of the caloric contributions from food groups and their relative nutrients using a Bayesian Mixing Model revealed distinct subsistence strategies, consisting predominantly of plants and terrestrial mammals and variably complemented with aquatic resources. This study offers novel quantitative information on the extent distinct food categories of polyculture agroforestry systems fulfilled the caloric and protein requirements of Late Holocene pre-Columbian populations in the Amazon basin.
- MeSH
- archeologie metody MeSH
- Bayesova věta MeSH
- dějiny 15. století MeSH
- dějiny 16. století MeSH
- dějiny 17. století MeSH
- dějiny starověku MeSH
- dějiny středověku MeSH
- dieta dějiny MeSH
- izotopy dusíku analýza MeSH
- izotopy uhlíku analýza MeSH
- kolagen chemie MeSH
- kosti a kostní tkáň chemie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- přijímání potravy MeSH
- rostliny MeSH
- savci MeSH
- stravovací zvyklosti MeSH
- tělesné pozůstatky MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- dějiny 15. století MeSH
- dějiny 16. století MeSH
- dějiny 17. století MeSH
- dějiny starověku MeSH
- dějiny středověku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- historické články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Brazílie MeSH
A dodecadepsipeptide valinomycin (VLM) has been most recently reported to be a potential anti-coronavirus drug that could be efficiently produced on a large scale. It is thus of importance to study solid-phase forms of VLM in order to be able to ensure its polymorphic purity in drug formulations. The previously available solid-state NMR (SSNMR) data are combined with the plane-wave DFT computations in the NMR crystallography framework. Structural/spectroscopical predictions (the PBE functional/GIPAW method) are obtained to characterize four polymorphs of VLM. Interactions which confer a conformational stability to VLM molecules in these crystalline forms are described in detail. The way how various structural factors affect the values of SSNMR parameters is thoroughly analyzed, and several SSNMR markers of the respective VLM polymorphs are identified. The markers are connected to hydrogen bonding effects upon the corresponding (13C/15N/1H) isotropic chemical shifts of (CO, Namid, Hamid, Hα) VLM backbone nuclei. These results are expected to be crucial for polymorph control of VLM and in probing its interactions in dosage forms.
- MeSH
- Betacoronavirus chemie izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- izotopy dusíku chemie MeSH
- izotopy uhlíku chemie MeSH
- koronavirové infekce patologie virologie MeSH
- krystalografie MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční spektroskopie metody MeSH
- pandemie MeSH
- valinomycin chemie metabolismus MeSH
- virová pneumonie patologie virologie MeSH
- vodíková vazba MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Nitrogen fixation and assimilation processes are vital to the functioning of any ecosystem. Nevertheless, studying these processes using 15N-based stable isotope probing was so far limited because of technical challenges related to the relative rarity of nitrogen in nucleic acids and proteins compared to carbon, and because of its absence in lipids. However, the recent adoption of high-throughput sequencing and statistical modelling methods to SIP studies increased the sensitivity of the method and enabled overcoming some of the challenges. This chapter describes in detail how to perform DNA- and RNA-SIP using 15N.
- MeSH
- bakteriální RNA chemie genetika izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- bakterie fixující dusík genetika metabolismus MeSH
- centrifugace - gradient hustoty MeSH
- DNA bakterií chemie genetika izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- fixace dusíku genetika fyziologie MeSH
- izotopové značení metody MeSH
- izotopy dusíku metabolismus MeSH
- vysoce účinné nukleotidové sekvenování MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Careful and thoughtful experimental design is crucial to the success of any SIP experiment. This chapter discusses the essential aspects of designing a SIP experiment, focusing primarily on DNA- and RNA-SIP. The design aspects discussed here begin with considerations for carrying out the incubation, such as, the effect of choosing different stable isotopes and target biomolecules, to what degree should a labeled substrate be enriched, what concentration to use, and how long should the incubation take. Then tips and pitfalls in the technical execution of SIP are listed, including how much nucleic acids should be loaded, how many fractions to collect, and what centrifuge rotor to use. Lastly, a brief overview of the current methods for analyzing SIP data is presented, focusing on high-throughput amplicon sequencing, together with a discussion on how the choice of analysis method might affect the experimental design.
- MeSH
- analýza dat MeSH
- bakteriální RNA chemie MeSH
- deuterium analýza MeSH
- DNA bakterií chemie MeSH
- DNA metabolismus MeSH
- izotopové značení metody MeSH
- izotopy dusíku analýza MeSH
- izotopy kyslíku analýza MeSH
- izotopy uhlíku analýza MeSH
- RNA metabolismus MeSH
- vysoce účinné nukleotidové sekvenování MeSH
- výzkumný projekt MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
OBJECTIVE: This paper aims at investigating the possible existence of isotopic offsets in δ13Ccol and δ15Ncol values in relation to tertiary syphilis. MATERIAL: Based on materials from the 19th c. A.D. deriving from the pathological-anatomical reference collection (the Jedlička collection) of the National Museum in Prague (Czech Republic), a comparative approach of ten individuals with syphilis and nine without the disease was undertaken. METHODS: Bone powder samples were defatted according to the protocol of Liden et al. (1995). Bone collagen was extracted following the protocol of Bocherens et al. (1991). RESULTS: Our results show that individuals with syphilis have lower δ13Ccol values than individuals without the disease; the observed difference between the two groups is about 0.3-0.4‰, which is relatively small but still meaningful. However, no difference between δ15Ncol values of the two groups has been noticed. CONCLUSIONS: Either diets prescribed by physicians to syphilitic patients or nutritional stress caused by cyclic appetite disturbance due to the disease itself or the administered medical treatment appeared to be possible explanations of the observed isotopic pattern. Overall, the response of the two isotopic proxies could argue for relatively limited nutritional restrictions. SIGNIFICANCE: This is the first study examining bone collagen isotopic response to syphilis based on clinically documented human skeletal materials. LIMITATIONS: The sample sizes are relatively small and cautiousness must be taken regarding the interpretations of the data. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: Compound-specific stable isotope investigations and analysis of mercury content could be helpful to better understand the observed isotopic effects.
- MeSH
- dějiny 19. století MeSH
- dieta MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- izotopy dusíku analýza MeSH
- izotopy uhlíku analýza MeSH
- kolagen analýza MeSH
- kosti a kostní tkáň chemie patologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- muzea MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- syfilis dějiny patologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dějiny 19. století MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- historické články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
BACKGROUND: Ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM) play a central role in nutrient cycling in boreal and temperate forests, but their role in the soil food web remains little understood. One of the groups assumed to live as specialised mycorrhizal feeders are Protura, but experimental and field evidence is lacking. We used a combination of three methods to test if Protura are specialized mycorrhizal feeders and compared their trophic niche with other soil invertebrates. Using pulse labelling of young beech and ash seedlings we analysed the incorporation of 13C and 15N into Acerentomon gallicum. In addition, individuals of Protura from temperate forests were collected for the analysis of neutral lipid fatty acids and natural variations in stable isotope ratios. RESULTS: Pulse labelling showed rapid incorporation of root-derived 13C, but no incorporation of root-derived 15N into A. gallicum. The transfer of 13C from lateral roots to ectomycorrhizal root tips was high, while it was low for 15N. Neutral lipid fatty acid (NLFA) analysis showed high amounts of bacterial marker (16:1ω7) and plant marker (16:0 and 18:1ω9) fatty acids but not of the fungal membrane lipid 18:2ω6,9 in A. gallicum. Natural variations in stable isotope ratios in Protura from a number of temperate forests were distinct from those of the great majority of other soil invertebrates, but remarkably similar to those of sporocarps of ECM fungi. CONCLUSIONS: Using three in situ methods, stable isotope labelling, neutral lipid fatty acid analysis and natural variations of stable isotope ratios, we showed that Protura predominantly feed on mycorrhizal hyphae via sucking up hyphal cytoplasm. Predominant feeding on ectomycorrhizal mycelia by Protura is an exception; the limited consumption of ECM by other soil invertebrates may contribute to carbon sequestration in temperate and boreal forests.
- MeSH
- členovci fyziologie MeSH
- izotopy dusíku analýza MeSH
- izotopy uhlíku analýza MeSH
- lesy MeSH
- mykorhiza * chemie MeSH
- potravní řetězec * MeSH
- půdní mikrobiologie MeSH
- stravovací zvyklosti MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Německo MeSH
Synthesis of [15 N4 ] purine labeled cytokinine glycosides derived from zeatins and topolins containing a 9-β-d, 7-β-d-glucopyranosyl, or 9-β-d-ribofuranosyl group is described. These N6 -substituted adenine derivatives are intended as internal analytic standards for phytohormone analysis. All labeled compounds were prepared from 6-chloro[15 N4 ]purine (1). The equilibrium reaction of 1 with acetobromo-α-d-glucose gave isomeric 7-β-d (3) and 9-β-d (4) chloro glucosyl precursors, which were treated with the corresponding amines to get desired labeled cytokinin 7-β-d (6) and 9-β-d (5) glucopyranosides. Cytokinins containing 9-β-d-ribofuranosyl group (8) were obtained by direct enzymatic transglycosylation reaction of cytokinins (7) prepared from 6-chloro[15 N4 ] purine (1).
The aim of this work was to analyse the diet of a Merovingian population sample of 80 individuals buried at Norroy-le-Veneur, France, with regard to their social status and chronology. A carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis of human adult bone collagen and related fauna from the same cemetery showed a diet based primarily on C3 plants, supplemented with animal protein in a range comparable to other contemporary sites. No significant contribution of C4 plants (e.g. millet) or marine-derived protein was detected. In terms of socio-economic stratification, individuals buried with rich grave good assemblages formed a narrow group with a significantly higher mean of δ13C than low-ranking individuals. We argue that this may represent a step in the gradual formation of the dietary exclusivity of Frankish elites, following a progressive rise in power of the Merovingian nobility. Also, during the timespan of the cemetery there was a population-wide decrease of 0.3 ‰ in the mean value of δ13C. The role of the Christian conversion of the population is questioned, but another factor influencing diet might have played a role.
- MeSH
- dějiny středověku MeSH
- dieta dějiny MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- hřbitovy dějiny MeSH
- izotopy dusíku analýza MeSH
- izotopy uhlíku analýza MeSH
- kolagen chemie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- dějiny středověku MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- historické články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Francie MeSH
We report a new NMR-scale purification procedure for two recombinant wild type fragments of the stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1). This protein acts as a calcium sensor in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and extends into the cytosol accumulating at ER - plasma membrane (PM) junctions upon calcium store depletion ultimately leading to activation of the Orai/CRAC channel. The functionally relevant cytosolic part of STIM1 consists of three coiled coil domains, which are mainly involved in intra- and inter-molecular homomeric interactions as well as coupling to and gating of CRAC channels. The optimized one-step rapid purification procedure for two 15N,13C isotope-labeled cytosolic coiled coil fragments, which avoids the problems of previous approaches. The high yields of soluble well folded 15N,13C isotope-labeled cytosolic coiled coil fragments followed by detergent screening provide for initial NMR characterization of these domains. The longer 30.5 kDa fragment represents the largest STIM1 wild type fragment that has been recombinantly prepared and characterized in solution without need for mutation or refolding.
- MeSH
- chromatografie afinitní MeSH
- dynamický rozptyl světla MeSH
- elektroforéza v polyakrylamidovém gelu MeSH
- izotopové značení MeSH
- izotopy dusíku chemie izolace a purifikace MeSH
- izotopy uhlíku chemie izolace a purifikace MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádorové proteiny chemie izolace a purifikace MeSH
- nukleární magnetická rezonance biomolekulární MeSH
- protein STIM1 chemie izolace a purifikace MeSH
- proteinové domény MeSH
- rekombinantní proteiny chemie izolace a purifikace MeSH
- rozpustnost MeSH
- sbalování proteinů MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
