OBJECTIVES: This study examined the association between childhood adversity and late-life cognitive outcomes among older Puerto Rican adults. METHODS: Data were from the Puerto Rican Elder: Health Conditions study, a population-based cohort of 3,713 older Puerto Rican adults (mean age 72.5 years; 60% female). Adverse childhood experiences were categorized into four factors: economic hardship, parental illiteracy, childhood illness, and neighborhood disadvantage. Cognition was assessed with the Mini-Mental Cabán (MMC). For our analyses, cognitive impairment was defined as scoring 1.5 standard deviations below the expected score, adjusted for age, sex, education, and reading ability. Ordinal logistic regression (baseline) and generalized linear mixed models (all 3 waves) analyzed MMC scores; generalized estimating equations assessed incident cognitive impairment (Waves 2 and 3). RESULTS: All four adversity factors were associated with poorer MMC scores at baseline. Parental illiteracy (β = -0.35, p < .001) and neighborhood disadvantage (β = -0.27, p < .001) showed stronger associations than economic hardship (β = -0.10, p = .003) and childhood illness (β = -0.21, p < .001). No factors were significantly related to changes in cognitive scores over time. Depressive symptoms and self-rated health partially mediated cross-sectional relationships, with depressive symptoms showing a stronger effect. All adversity factors except economic hardship were linked to baseline cognitive impairment (OR = 1.42 parent illiteracy, OR = 1.24 childhood illness, OR = 1.82 neighborhood disadvantage, p < .05). Only neighborhood disadvantage was associated with incident cognitive impairment (OR = 1.19, p = .003). DISCUSSION: This study highlights the lasting effect of childhood adversity on late-life cognitive health among older Puerto Ricans, suggesting that addressing early adversity may promote cognitive health later in life.
- MeSH
- Neighborhood Characteristics MeSH
- Poverty statistics & numerical data psychology MeSH
- Literacy statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Cognitive Dysfunction * epidemiology ethnology etiology MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Adverse Childhood Experiences * statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Aged, 80 and over MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Aged, 80 and over MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Geographicals
- Puerto Rico MeSH
- MeSH
- Poverty economics statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Economics, Medical * history ethics MeSH
- Commodification MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Organ Trafficking economics ethics statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Predatory Journals as Topic MeSH
- Social Problems economics ethics MeSH
- Pregnancy ethics MeSH
- Scholarly Communication economics MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Pregnancy ethics MeSH
OBJECTIVES: Large socioeconomic inequalities in health are still present in the Central Europe. The aim was to explore socioeconomic inequalities in mortality in Visegrad countries-the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia (V4), by three different socioeconomic indicators (unemployment, risk of poverty/social exclusion, education). The study was conducted within the H2020 Euro-Healthy project. METHODS: The associations between selected socioeconomic indicators and the standardised mortality rates by four main causes (mortality related to cancer, circulatory, respiratory and digestive system) in the economically active population aged 20-64 years in the 35 NUTS 2 level regions of the V4 in the period 2011-2013 were explored, using linear regression models. RESULTS: Lower education level was the most significant predictor of mortality in the V4. The lowest mortality rates by all causes of death were found in the regions of the Czech Republic, the highest in regions of Hungary. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the common origin, the pathways of the V4 countries in employment, poverty and education seem to be different, also having impact on health equity. Therefore, where you live in the V4 can significantly influence your health.
- MeSH
- Poverty statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Linear Models MeSH
- Young Adult MeSH
- Mortality trends MeSH
- Unemployment statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Forecasting MeSH
- Cause of Death * MeSH
- Social Discrimination * MeSH
- Socioeconomic Factors * MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Young Adult MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Geographicals
- Czech Republic MeSH
- Hungary MeSH
- Poland MeSH
- Slovakia MeSH
Introduction: The working poor is a relatively new term which has been discussed recently. These people work, but their income is below the poverty line. Many times, it is close to the minimum wage. Working for a low income brings people much stress, which leads to physical and psychological problems. Materials and methods: This research was carried out using quantitative research strategies. The Holmes-Rahe Stress Inventory standardized questionnaire was used for data collection. Their statistical analysis was carried out using the IBM SPSS Statistics 24 programme. The sample group included 358 working poor inhabitants of the South Bohemian Region. Results: The research showed that the respondents’ average score was between 150 and 300 points. There were 138, which means that, in the next two years, there is a 50% chance that they will have various health problems. The score of 90 respondents was higher than 300 points, which means that they have an 80% chance of having health problems in two years time. The fourth most frequent cause of stress was the possibility of “employment change”. Conclusion: It is very important to study stress and its effect on people. Many studies show how stress can negatively affect us and our health and how great a burden in life it can be. Our research showed that, last year, one-third of the respondents believed that one of the most stressful situations was the change or loss of employment.
- MeSH
- Poverty statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Working Poor * psychology statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Surveys and Questionnaires MeSH
- Psychiatric Status Rating Scales MeSH
- Stress, Psychological * MeSH
- Socioeconomic Factors MeSH
- Life Change Events MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Observational Study MeSH
- Geographicals
- Czech Republic MeSH
BACKGROUND: Like most Central European countries Slovakia has experienced a period of socioeconomic changes and at the same time a decline in the mortality rate. Therefore, the aim is to study socioeconomic factors that changed over time and simultaneously contributed to regional differences in mortality. METHODS: The associations between selected socioeconomic indicators and the standardised mortality rate in the population aged 20-64 years in the districts of the Slovak Republic in the periods 1997-1998 and 2012-2013 were analysed using linear regression models. RESULTS: A higher proportion of inhabitants in material need, and among males also lower income, significantly contributed to higher standardised mortality in both periods. The unemployment rate did not contribute to this prediction. Between the two periods no significant changes in regional mortality differences by the selected socioeconomic factors were found. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the fact that economic growth combined with investments of European structural funds contributed to the improvement of the socioeconomic situation in many districts of Slovakia, there are still districts which remain "poor" and which maintain regional mortality differences.
- MeSH
- Poverty statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Ethnicity MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Linear Models MeSH
- Young Adult MeSH
- Mortality trends MeSH
- Unemployment statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Socioeconomic Factors MeSH
- Social Class MeSH
- Health Status * MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Young Adult MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Geographicals
- Slovakia epidemiology MeSH
BACKGROUND: Roma represent one of the largest and oldest minorities in Europe. Health of many of them, particularly those living in settlements, is heavily compromised by poor dwelling, low educational level, unemployment, and poverty rooted in generational poverty, segregation and discrimination. The cross-sectional population-based study using community based approach aimed to map the prevalence of viral hepatitis B/C and metabolic syndrome in the population living in separated and segregated Roma settlements and to compare it with the occurrence of the same health indicators in the majority population, considering selected risk and protective factors of these health indicators. METHODS: The sample consisted of 452 Roma (mean age = 34.7; 35.2% men) and 403 non-Roma (mean age = 33.5; 45.9% men) respondents. Data were collected in 2011 via questionnaire, anthropometric measures and analysed blood and urine samples. A methodology used in the study as well as in the following scientific papers is described in the Methods section (i.e. study design, procedures, samples, methods including questionnaire, anthropometric measurements, physical measurements, blood and urine measurements). CONCLUSIONS: There are regions of declining prosperity due to high unemployment, long-term problems with poverty and depleted resources. Populations living in these areas, i.e. in Central and Eastern Europe in Roma settlements, are at risk of poverty, social exclusion and other factors affecting health. Therefore, we should look for successful long-term strategies and tools (e.g. Roma mediators, terrain work) in order to improve the future prospects of these minorities.
- MeSH
- Residence Characteristics statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Poverty ethnology statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Hepatitis B blood ethnology urine MeSH
- Hepatitis C blood ethnology urine MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Metabolic Syndrome blood ethnology urine MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Young Adult MeSH
- Prevalence MeSH
- Cross-Sectional Studies MeSH
- Surveys and Questionnaires MeSH
- Roma ethnology statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Socioeconomic Factors MeSH
- Rural Population statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Health Status MeSH
- Health Surveys methods statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Young Adult MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Geographicals
- Slovakia MeSH
Chudobu, resp. bídu popsal Calman v osmi rozměrech. Existuje několik indexů bídy: Jarmanův, Townsendův, Federální index (USA), Giniho koeficient, Indexy lidské bídy I, II (OSN) a nový Mnohorozměrný index bídy (OSN). Socioekonomická deprivace v dětském věku má dlouhodobé škodlivé důsledky pro lidské zdraví, které lze pozorovat v pozdějších údobích pracovní kariéry. Děti žijící v bídě v jejich dospělosti s vyšší pravděpodobností postihují různé choroby včetně vyšší úmrtnosti než stejně staré děti, které v bídě nežijí. Ochuzené prostředí snižuje objem šedé hmoty některých korových oblastí dětského mozku. Studium kognice i zobrazovací metody ukazují, které neuronální sítě jsou bídou ovlivňovány nejvíc. Příkladem života v chudé postindustriální oblasti může být život a zdraví populace skotského Glasgowa. Zdravotní stav zdejší populace je v porovnání se Skotskem jako celkem a zbylými částmi Spojeného království velmi špatný a sdílí některé znaky své deprivace s Ostravou.
Calman described poverty in eight dimensions. There are several poverty indexes: Jarman's, Townsend's, Federal poverty index (USA), Gini coefficient, Human poverty indexes I and II (UN) and United Nation's Multiple poverty index (MPI). Childhood socioeconomic deprivation has long lasting detrimental effects on the health of individuals that are observable at the later ages of working life. Children who live in poverty are more likely as adults than their peers to develop and die earlier from a range of diseases. Impoverished environments reduce cortical gray matter of child's brain in several cortical areas. Cognitive and imaging studies in humans suggest which networks may be most influenced by poverty. An example of life in the poor postindustrial area may be life and health of the population of Glasgow, Scotland. This population has very poor health, compared to Scotland as a whole and the rest of the U. K. Glasgow shares some signs of its deprivation with Ostrava, Czech Republic.
- Keywords
- indexy bídy,
- MeSH
- Poverty Areas MeSH
- Poverty * classification psychology statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Health Status Disparities * MeSH
- Child MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Infant Mortality MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Unemployment psychology MeSH
- Cause of Death MeSH
- Social Conditions MeSH
- Socioeconomic Factors * MeSH
- Social Class MeSH
- Check Tag
- Child MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Introductory Journal Article MeSH
- Keywords
- dialyzační centra,
- MeSH
- Poverty statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Health Services Accessibility * MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Risk Factors MeSH
- Kidney Transplantation * statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Health Status MeSH
- Health Facilities statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Geographicals
- United States MeSH
Finanční problémy se v dnešní době nemusí jistě týkat pouze pacientů s návykovými nemoci, ale mnoha jiných lidí. Jako jedna z hlavních příčin se obvykle uvádí působení reklamy; lidé často nakupují zbytečnosti. Zadluženost však může mít i jiné důvody. Jsou to především návykové nemoci, které bývají spojeny se značnou zadlužeností. Stačí připomenout, že Česká republika patří ke státům s nejvyšší spotřebou alkoholu a nejsnadnějším přístupem k hazardu a drogám na světě. Většina lidí s návykovou nemocí se přitom neléčí. Zpravidla kvůli pocitům osobní stigmatizace , ale i proto, že v některých oblastech je omezená dostupnost specializované péče.
The financial problems of today certainly does not relate only to patients with addictive disease, but many other people. As one of the main reasons is usually provides advertising exposure, people tend to buy rubbish. Debt may have other reasons. They are particularly addictive diseases which are associated with substantial indebtedness. For example, the Czech Republic belongs to the states with the highest consumption of alcohol and easiest approach to gambling and drugs in the world. Most people with addictive disease is not treated yet. Usually because of personal feelings of stigmatization, but also beceause in some areas, the limited availability of specialized care.
