BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Wastewater-based epidemiology is an additional indicator of drug use that is gaining reliability to complement the current established panel of indicators. The aims of this study were to: (i) assess spatial and temporal trends of population-normalized mass loads of benzoylecgonine, amphetamine, methamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in raw wastewater over 7 years (2011-17); (ii) address overall drug use by estimating the average number of combined doses consumed per day in each city; and (iii) compare these with existing prevalence and seizure data. DESIGN: Analysis of daily raw wastewater composite samples collected over 1 week per year from 2011 to 2017. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Catchment areas of 143 wastewater treatment plants in 120 cities in 37 countries. MEASUREMENTS: Parent substances (amphetamine, methamphetamine and MDMA) and the metabolites of cocaine (benzoylecgonine) and of Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol) were measured in wastewater using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Daily mass loads (mg/day) were normalized to catchment population (mg/1000 people/day) and converted to the number of combined doses consumed per day. Spatial differences were assessed world-wide, and temporal trends were discerned at European level by comparing 2011-13 drug loads versus 2014-17 loads. FINDINGS: Benzoylecgonine was the stimulant metabolite detected at higher loads in southern and western Europe, and amphetamine, MDMA and methamphetamine in East and North-Central Europe. In other continents, methamphetamine showed the highest levels in the United States and Australia and benzoylecgonine in South America. During the reporting period, benzoylecgonine loads increased in general across Europe, amphetamine and methamphetamine levels fluctuated and MDMA underwent an intermittent upsurge. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis of wastewater to quantify drug loads provides near real-time drug use estimates that globally correspond to prevalence and seizure data.
- MeSH
- amfetamin analýza MeSH
- časoprostorová analýza * MeSH
- chromatografie kapalinová MeSH
- internacionalita MeSH
- kokain analogy a deriváty analýza MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- methamfetamin analýza MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí metody MeSH
- N-methyl-3,4-methylendioxyamfetamin analýza MeSH
- odhalování abúzu drog metody MeSH
- odpadní voda chemie MeSH
- tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
- zakázané drogy * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Cieľom predloženého príspevku je prezentácia možnosti využitia analýz drog a ich metabolitov v odpadových vodách na definovanie spotreby drog v jednotlivých mestách. Biomarkery kanabisu, metamfetamínu, extázy, kokaínu, nikotínu a tramadolu boli analyzované v systéme SPE HPLC v tandeme s hybridným quadrupolovaným (Orbitrap) vysoko citlivým hmotnostným spektrometrom (LC-MS/MS). Získané údaje boli porovnávané v rámci slovenských miest aj v rámci miest v Európe. Najvyššie špecifické hodnoty THC-COOH boli v Bratislave (40 mg/deň/1000obyvateľov; Petržalka – 47 mg/deň/1000ob.). Namerané výsledky poukazujú na vysokú spotrebu metamfetamínu hlavne v mestách Dunajská Streda (860 mg/deň/1000ob.), Trnava (680 mg/deň/1000ob.), Sereď (409 mg/deň/1000ob.) a Bratislava (188 mg/deň/1000ob.), čím tieto mestá vykazujú jednu z najvyšších spotrieb v Európe. V príspevku sú uvádzané aj špecifické hodnoty pre extázu, kokaín, tramadol a počet vyfajčených cigariet na jedného obyvateľa a deň pre vybrané mestá na Slovensku.
The present paper deals with the wastewater analysis with the aim to define the consumption of drugs in individual cities. Urinary bio-markers of methamphetamine, cocaine, cannabis and ecstasy use were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). The data obtained were compared between selected Slovak towns as well as within cities in Europe. The highest specific loads of THC-COOH were analyzed in Bratislava (Central WWTP – 38 mg/day/1000 inhabitants; Petržalka – 43 mg/day/1000 inh.). The measured results indicate a high consumption of methamphetamine in particular in the cities of Dunajská Streda (860 mg/day/1000 inh.), Trnava (680 mg/day/1000 inh.) and Bratislava (188 mg/day/1000 inh.), thus these cities reported one of the highest methamphetamine consumption in Europe. In our analyzed data are reported also specific consumption values for ecstasy, cocaine, tramadol as well as number of cigarettes per capita and day smoked for selected cities in Slovakia.
- MeSH
- Cannabis MeSH
- kokain analýza MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- methamfetamin analýza MeSH
- N-methyl-3,4-methylendioxyamfetamin analýza MeSH
- nikotin analýza MeSH
- nové syntetické drogy * analýza MeSH
- odpadní vody * analýza MeSH
- poruchy spojené s užíváním psychoaktivních látek epidemiologie MeSH
- tramadol analýza MeSH
- vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie využití MeSH
- znečištění vody analýza MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Evropa MeSH
- Slovenská republika MeSH
This manuscript reports, for the first time, a monitoring study analysing wastewater and associated suspended particulate matter (SPM) to determine the concentration of drugs of abuse and metabolites in wastewater influent. The monitoring of SPM is crucial for target analytes because, depending on their physico-chemical properties, they may partition to particulates; thus, analysis of wastewater only will result in under-reporting of the concentration of target analytes in the sample. A daily one week monitoring study was carried out at a WWTP serving one of the largest cities in the Czech Republic; representing the first comprehensive application of the sewage epidemiology approach in the Czech Republic. In total, 60 analytes were targeted in the monitoring programme including stimulants, opioid and morphine derivatives, benzodiazepines, antidepressants, dissociative anaesthetics, drug precursors and their metabolites. Analysis of SPM determined that significant proportions of some compounds were present on the solids. For example, 21.0-49.8% of the total concentration of EDDP (2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine) in the sample was determined on SPM and 11.2-19.6% of methadone. The highest proportion on SPM was determined for fluoxetine in the range 68.1-79.6%, norfluoxetine 46.6-61.9% and amitriptyline 21.8-51.2%. In contrast, some compounds presented very little partitioning to SPM. Less than 5% was determined partitioned to SPM over the week period for analytes including cocaine, benzoylecgonine, cocaethylene, amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine), codeine, dihydrocodeine, tramadol, nortramadol, oxazepam and ephedrine. Determined concentrations in wastewater influent were subsequently utilised in the sewage epidemiology approach to estimate drug consumption, in the community from which the wastewater was derived. This back-calculation was updated for the first time to include the concentration of analytes present on SPM. The consumption of methamphetamine and MDMA was determined to be especially high in the studied community in relation to other European countries, while cocaine and methadone consumption was relatively low. This manuscript shows that in order to apply the sewage epidemiology approach, SPM analysis is required for some compounds; whereas for others the partitioning is small and one may regard this as negligible.
- MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu analýza MeSH
- chemické znečištění vody statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- kokain analogy a deriváty analýza MeSH
- methamfetamin analýza MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
- N-methyl-3,4-methylendioxyamfetamin analýza MeSH
- odpadní voda chemie statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- odpadní vody chemie MeSH
- poruchy spojené s užíváním psychoaktivních látek epidemiologie MeSH
- pyrrolidiny analýza MeSH
- zakázané drogy analýza MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- MeSH
- amfetaminy analýza terapeutické užití MeSH
- doping ve sportu MeSH
- kokain analýza terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- monitorování léčiv MeSH
- narkotika analýza terapeutické užití MeSH
- růstové látky analýza klasifikace terapeutické užití MeSH
- stimulancia historická terapeutické užití MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
Závěrečná zpráva o řešení grantu Interní grantové agentury MZ ČR
239 l. : il. ; 32 cm
Stanovení minoritních,stopových a ultrastopových prvků v rostlinných drogách a ověření možnosti využití získaných dat k typování jejich geografického původu.
- MeSH
- heroin analýza MeSH
- kokain analýza MeSH
- léčivé rostliny analýza MeSH
- nové syntetické drogy analýza MeSH
- spektrofotometrie MeSH
- stopové prvky analýza MeSH
- Konspekt
- Chemie. Mineralogické vědy
- NLK Obory
- chemie, klinická chemie
- adiktologie
- toxikologie
- NLK Publikační typ
- závěrečné zprávy o řešení grantu IGA MZ ČR
- MeSH
- chromatografie na tenké vrstvě MeSH
- kokain analogy a deriváty analýza krev MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- narkotika analýza krev moč MeSH
- odhalování abúzu drog MeSH
- poruchy spojené s užíváním psychoaktivních látek krev moč MeSH
- spektrofotometrie ultrafialová MeSH
- vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
