The extraction of dissolved radon from water to gas is the most common way to measure radon concentration in water continuously. The response delay of continuous radon-in-water detection system (continuous monitor + equilibrator) is influenced by the response time of the continuous monitor and a rate of an establishment of equilibrium in the equilibrator (exchanger unit). Two types of equilibrators were used in performed experiments to compare the response time of various detection systems-RAD AQUA that uses water spraying and equilibrator with ACCUREL® PP membrane that enables radon diffusion. Each of these was connected to the continuous monitor RAD7 or RM-3. The response delay after turning on the water flow through the equilibrator was determined. The fastest detection system was RAD7 + RAD AQUA that was subsequently tested during the insitu measurement of thermal water in the healing spa and water sources near Cheb and České Budějovice.

• MeSH
• laboratoře normy   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• monitorování radiace přístrojové vybavení   metody   MeSH
• radioaktivní látky znečišťující vodu analýza   MeSH
• radon analýza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

This paper reports on the structure of the autonomous station for monitoring artificial gamma activity in surface water bodies for the purposes of emergency preparedness of the Czech Republic. A simple design based on the NaI(Tl) submersible detector powered by a combined solar and wind source has been employed. Data transfer is provided by a satellite connection. The detection capabilities of the device have been tested for various unfavourable conditions, and the detection limits have been lowered by using the noise adjustment singular value decomposition (NASVD) method. The detection capabilities of the device fulfil the legal requirements for emergency monitoring, and are almost equal to the detection capabilities of other available devices with a more complicated and less versatile structure.

• MeSH
• monitorování radiace přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• radioaktivní látky znečišťující vodu analýza   MeSH
• radioizotopy cesia analýza   MeSH
• radioizotopy jodu analýza   MeSH
• spektrometrie gama přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• záření gama MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

A method for caesium concentration from North Sea and Baltic Sea seawater samples was tested and optimised for offshore concentration of radiocaesium and seawater volumes up to 150 L. The composite ion-exchanger PotassiumNickel Hexacyanoferrate in a Polyacrylnitrile binding matrix (KNiFC-PAN) with 80% of powdered KNiFC per gram of dry residue was used for this study. The optimised method achieved recoveries of around 99% with a bed volume (BV) of 50 mL of KNiFC-PAN and average flow rates of seawater of around 182 BV per hour (e.g. 9.1 L per hour).

• MeSH
• monitorování radiace metody   MeSH
• mořská voda chemie   MeSH
• radioaktivní látky znečišťující vodu analýza   MeSH
• radioizotopy cesia analýza   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The paper presents results and interpretation of long-term monitoring of occurrence and behaviour of radioisotopes 3H, 90Sr, and 137Cs in the vicinity of the Temelín Nuclear Power Plant. 3H, 90Sr, and 137Cs originate predominantly from residual contamination due to atmospheric nuclear weapons tests and the Chernobyl disaster in the last century. Monitoring of radionuclides comprised surface waters, river sediments, aquatic plants, and fish. This enables an up-to-date appraisal of the Temelín Nuclear Power Plant impact on the hydrosphere in all indicators at standard power plant operation, as well as at critical situations. The time and spatial variability of these radionuclide concentrations were monitored in the hydrosphere at in- and out-flow of the Orlík Water Reservoir. The basic evaluated radioecological characteristics can be used in assessing the long-term kinetics of decline and behaviour of radionuclides and their potential release into the environment. A very slow decline in 3H concentration at unaffected sites was observed. At sites downstream from the power plant the 3H concentrations were significantly higher, an evident impact of the power plant operation. A decline in 90Sr and 137Cs concentrations was observed in all the monitored indicators. Also, the characteristic effective and ecological half-lives were evaluated.

• MeSH
• jaderné elektrárny MeSH
• monitorování radiace * MeSH
• poločas MeSH
• radioaktivní látky znečišťující vodu analýza   MeSH
• radioizotopy cesia analýza   MeSH
• radioizotopy stroncia analýza   MeSH
• řeky chemie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Developments of radioanalytical methods for determination of radiocarbon in wastewaters from nuclear power plants (NPP) with pressurized light water reactors, which would distinguish between the dissolved organic and inorganic forms have been carried out. After preliminary tests, the method was used to process pilot samples from wastewater outlets from the Temelín and Dukovany NPPs (Czech Republic). The results of analysis of pilot water samples collected in 2015 indicate that the instantaneous (14)C releases into the water streams would be about 7.10(-5) (Temelín) and 4.10(-6) (Dukovany) of the total quantity of the (14)C liberated into the environment.

• MeSH
• jaderné elektrárny * MeSH
• monitorování radiace * MeSH
• odpadní voda chemie   MeSH
• radioaktivní látky znečišťující vodu analýza   MeSH
• radioizotopy uhlíku analýza   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Water is one of the most important resources for a human being; therefore, its quality should be properly tested. According to Council Directive No. 2013/51/EUROATOM, there shall be established requirements for the general public health protection with regard to radioactive substances in water intended for human consumption. This article summarises measurement results of selected water samples at 444 private drinking water wells, which are not subject to regular inspection in terms of the Czech legislation.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pitná voda analýza   MeSH
• radiační ochrana zákonodárství a právo   MeSH
• radioaktivní látky znečišťující vodu analýza   MeSH
• radionuklidy analýza   MeSH
• studny * MeSH
• zásobování vodou MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

During the routine operation, nuclear power plants discharge waste water containing a certain amount of radioactivity, whose main component is the artificial radionuclide tritium. The amounts of tritium released into the environment are kept within the legal requirements, which minimize the noxious effects of radioactivity, but the activity concentration is well measurable in surface water of the recipient. This study compares amount of tritium activity in waste water from nuclear power plants and the tritium activity detected at selected relevant sites of surface water quality monitoring. The situation is assessed in the catchment of the Vltava and Elbe Rivers, affected by the Temelín Nuclear Power Plant as well as in the Jihlava River catchment (the Danube River catchment respectively), where the waste water of the Dukovany Nuclear Power Plant is discharged. The results show a good agreement of the amount of released tritium stated by the power plant operator and the tritium amount detected in the surface water and highlighted the importance of a robust independent monitoring of tritium discharged from a nuclear power plant which could be carried out by water management authorities. The outputs of independent monitoring allow validating the values reported by a polluter and expand opportunities of using tritium as e.g. tracer.

• MeSH
• elektrárny MeSH
• jaderné elektrárny * MeSH
• radioaktivní látky znečišťující vodu analýza   chemie   MeSH
• radionuklidy analýza   MeSH
• řeky MeSH
• tritium chemie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

An in situ diffusion experiment was performed at the Grimsel Test Site (Switzerland). Several tracers ((3)H as HTO, (22)Na(+), (134)Cs(+), (131)I(-) with stable I(-) as carrier) were continuously circulated through a packed-off borehole and the decrease in tracer concentrations in the liquid phase was monitored for a period of about 2years. Subsequently, the borehole section was overcored and the tracer profiles in the rock analyzed ((3)H, (22)Na(+), (134)Cs(+)). (3)H and (22)Na(+) showed a similar decrease in activity in the circulation system (slightly larger drop for (3)H). The drop in activity for (134)Cs(+) was much more pronounced. Transport distances in the rock were about 20cm for (3)H, 10cm for (22)Na(+), and 1cm for (134)Cs(+). The dataset (except for (131)I(-) because of complete decay at the end of the experiment) was analyzed with different diffusion-sorption models by different teams (IDAEA-CSIC, UJV-Rez, JAEA) using different codes, with the goal of obtaining effective diffusion coefficients (De) and porosity (ϕ) or rock capacity (α) values. From the activity measurements in the rock, it was observed that it was not possible to recover the full tracer activity in the rock (no activity balance when adding the activities in the rock and in the fluid circulation system). A Borehole Disturbed Zone (BDZ) had to be taken into account to fit the experimental observations. The extension of the BDZ (1-2mm) is about the same magnitude than the mean grain size of the quartz and feldspar grains. IDAEA-CSIC and UJV-Rez tried directly to match the results of the in situ experiment, without forcing any laboratory-based parameter values into the models. JAEA conducted a predictive modeling based on laboratory diffusion data and their scaling to in situ conditions. The results from the different codes have been compared, also with results from small-scale laboratory experiments. Outstanding issues to be resolved are the need for a very large capacity factor in the BDZ for (3)H and the difference between apparent diffusion coefficients (Da) from the in situ experiment and out-leaching laboratory tests.

• MeSH
• chemické znečištění vody analýza   MeSH
• difuze MeSH
• oxid křemičitý * MeSH
• poréznost MeSH
• radioaktivní látky znečišťující vodu analýza   MeSH
• radioizotopy cesia analýza   MeSH
• radioizotopy jodu analýza   MeSH
• radioizotopy sodíku analýza   MeSH
• silikáty hliníku MeSH
• sloučeniny draslíku MeSH
• teoretické modely * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Švýcarsko MeSH

This paper focuses on the measurement and assessment of absorbed doses of radiation in caves of the Czech Republic, some of which exhibit high activity concentration of radon in air. Presented is an analysis and recommendations based on measurement results obtained in the underground caves over the past 12 y. The most important results for cave environments were as follows: integral radon monitoring using RAMARN detectors can provide more consistent results for calculating the effective dose; no major differences were shown in the average radon activity concentration during working time as opposed to non-working time; the unattached fraction of radioactive particles in air ranged from 0.03 to 0.6, with arithmetical average fp = 0.13; the direct dependence between equilibrium factor F and the size of the unattached fraction fp was described using the Log-Power expression ln(1/fp) = a*ln(1/F)(b); the calculated values for coefficients a and b were 1.85 and -1.096, respectively. The individual cave factor for each investigated underground area was calculated.

• MeSH
• aerosoly MeSH
• alfa částice MeSH
• geologické sedimenty MeSH
• jeskyně * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• monitorování radiace přístrojové vybavení   metody   MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí přístrojové vybavení   metody   MeSH
• pracovní expozice MeSH
• radiační expozice MeSH
• radioaktivní látky znečišťující půdu analýza   MeSH
• radioaktivní látky znečišťující vodu analýza   MeSH
• radioaktivní látky znečišťující vzduch analýza   MeSH
• radon analýza   MeSH
• roční období MeSH
• speleoterapie MeSH
• teplota MeSH
• velikost částic MeSH
• vlhkost MeSH
• změna skupenství MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

A pilot study aimed on possible occurrence of elevated activity of non-exchangable organically bound tritium (NE-OBT) in biota was performed. The first results showed a significant surplus of NE-OBT activity in biota of the valley of Mohelno reservoir and Jihlava river. The liquid releases of HTO from the nuclear power plant Dukovany is the source of tritium in this area. This area can be a source of various types of natural samples for future studies of tritium pathways.

• MeSH
• jaderné elektrárny MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• monitorování radiace přístrojové vybavení   metody   MeSH
• pilotní projekty MeSH
• radioaktivní látky znečišťující vodu analýza   MeSH
• radioaktivní znečišťující látky analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• řeky chemie   MeSH
• rostliny metabolismus   MeSH
• scintilace - počítání přístrojové vybavení   metody   MeSH
• společenstvo MeSH
• tritium analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH